TEAS STUDY

Sagittal/Lateral plane

right and left sections

Coronal/Frontal plane

front and back sections

Transverse/Axial plane

Upper and Lower

Medial

Nearest to midline of body

Ex: little finger is medial to the thumb

Lateral

Opposite of medial

Proximal

Closer to the center of body

Ex: hip is proximal to knee

Distal

Opposite from proxmial

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Behind

What is the conductive zone?

Brings inhaled air to respiratory zone

What is the respiratory zone?

Where gas exchange occurs

External Respiration

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and tissues

How does the respiratory system in thermoregulation?

Capillaries within the respiratory tract can constrict to conserve heat and dilate to release heat

What is a secondary role of the respiratory system?

Protection against disease and filtration of particulate matter

Where is Immunoglobulin A (IgA) produced?

In mucosal lining
Antibodies neutralize pathogens

What membrane lines the thoracic cavity?

Parietal pleura (serous)

What membrane lines the surface of the lungs?

Visceral pleura (serous)

How is the right lung differ from the left lung?

Mediastinum

Where is the hilum?

The REGION where the primary bronchi turns into right/left lung

Alveoli

Gas exchange occurs

What type of cells lines alveolus?

Type 1 cells, epithelial cells

Type 2 Cells

Cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

Boyle’s Law

The pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship assuming temp is constant

Inspiration

Diaphragm and external intercostals CONTRACT
Volume of thoracic cavity INCREASE
Rib cage and sternum elevate and expand OUTWARD
Intrapleural pressure DECREASE

Negative-pressure breathing

Pressure in lungs LOWER than atmospheric pressure

Expiration

Diaphragm and external intercostals RELAX
Volume of thoracic cavity DECREASES
Intrapleural pressure INCREASES

What is a function of the kidneys?

Regulate the levels of fluids and ions in blood

What is the average body temperature?

98.6F // 37C

Thermoreceptors

Sensory neurons detect changes in temp
Hot → relax and dilate
Cold → contract and constrict

Epicardium

Outer layer of heart
Secretes lubricating serous fluid

Myocardium

Middle layer of heart
Contracts to pump blood

Endocardium

Innermost layer of heart, lines chambers and valves

Right Atrium

Receives blood from vena cava

Left Atrium

Receives blood from pulmonary veins

Right Ventricle

Pumps blood into pulmonary trunk

Left Ventricle

Pumps blood into aorta

Tricuspid Valve

Right Atrioventricular valve
Prevents backflow into atrium when ventricles contracts

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Prevents return of blood into right ventricle

Bicuspid Valve

Left AV valve
Prevents blood backflow into atrium when ventricles contract

Aortic SL Valve

Prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle

Endothelium

Single layer of squamous endothelial cells
Thin inner lining of blood vessels

Endothelial Cells

Release peptides (endothelins) to contract smooth muscle
Secrete chemicals to inhibit coagulation of blood

Systole

Ventricles CONTRACT forcing blood into aorta and pulmonary trunk

Systolic Pressure

Maximum pressure exerted during systole

Diastole

Ventricles RELAX and BP at lowest point

What is normal BP?

120/80 mmHg

Systemic Circuit

Carries blood FROM LEFT VENTRICLE to aorta which gives rise to arteries
Oxygen and nutrients ENTER tissues and CO2 ENTER blood
DEOXYGENATED blood leaves through VENULES into RIGHT atrium
BP IS HIGHER
Blood in arteries carries MORE O2 than blood in veins

Pulmonary Circuit

Carries blood FROM the heart TO lungs
Deoxygenated blood → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → arterioles → capillaries → gas exchange by diffusion
Oxygenated blood from capillaries → venules → veins → 4 pulmonary veins → left atrium
Arteries have LESS O2 than veins

What is the electrical conduction system composed of?

SA and AV nodes and bundle of His

P Wave

Depolarization of ATRIA (contraction)

What is a disease of P Wave?

Absent P waves could be arrhythmias

QRS Interval

Depolarization of ventricle

What is a disease of QRS Interval?

Enlarged Q wave = myocardial infarction

T Wave

Repolarization of Ventricle

Longer than depolarization

May be followed by U wave

What is a disease of T Wave?

Heart disease or electrolyte imbalances

PR Interval

Period from beginning of atrial depolarization to beginning of ventricular depolarization
Activation of the bundle of His

ST Segment

Period where ventricles is completely depolarized

Can be used to diagnose ventricular ischemia or hypoxia

Cardiac Arrhythmias

Abnormal heart beats from dmg to conduction system or myocardial infarction

Bradyarrhythmias

Slow pulse

Tachyarrhythmias

Very fast pulse

Elastic Arteries

Stretch when blood is forced out of the heart and recoil under low pressure
Largest vessels in the arterial system

Muscular Arteries

Regulate blood flow by vasoconstriction/vasodilation

Arterioles

Primary vessels involved
Control blood flow to capillaries

Venules

Empty blood into larger veins

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart

When is BP the highest?

Highest in main arteries of the SYSTEMIC circuit

When is BP the lowest?

In Vena Cava
arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins

Laminar Flow

Steady, streamlined flow of blood that occurs throughout

Capillary Beds

Groups of interconnected capillaries (single layer of endothelial cells) that facilitate the exchange of gas and solutes between blood and interstitial fluid

Intercellular Clefts

Channels between adjacent endothelial cells

Continuous Capillaries

Capillaries with a nonporous continuous endothelium

Fenestrated Capillaries

Pores that increase their permeability and found in kidneys and small intestine

Sinusoidal Capillaries

Discontinuous endothelium that permits the passage of large particles and even blood cells

Peripheral Resistance

Resistance of vessels to the flow of blood as a result of friction
Resistance INCREASE, blood flow DECREASES

What are the main factors that affect peripheral resistance?

Diameter
Length of Vessel
Volume
Viscosity of Blood

What is resistance most affected by?

Diameter
Inverse relationship (radius DECREASE, res INCREASE)

What is blood composed of?

A mixture of plasma(55%), chemicals, and blood cells (45%)

What is plasma composed of?

92% water

Hematocrit

% of RBC by volume

White blood cells

Leukocytes, blood cells with nuclei

Platelets

Thrombocytes, cell fragments that initiate clotting

Erythropoiesis

Production of RBC in red bone marrow

When O2 is LOW

Erythropoietin targets red bone marrow, stimulating Myeloid Stem Cells to differentiate into Erythroblasts to divide to fill up with hemoglobin
Nuclei condense and ejected until ER remains = Reticulocytes
Once ER is loss = Erythrocytes

Where is Erythropoietin produced?

Kidneys and liver

What is hemoglobin composed of?

4 globin polypeptide chains and heme group

Monocyte

Well-defined nucleus
Produced in bone marrow

Granulocyte

Granules in cytoplasm
Released in response to certain infections and allergens

How much of WBC are granulocytes?

75%

Basophils

Stained black by basic stains
Allergies and allergic reactions and inflammation

Release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin

Eosinophils

Red by acidic stains

Defense against infection by parasites and responding to allergens

Regulate inflammatory responses and release chemicals that kill foreign invaders

Neutrophils

Pale lilac by neutral pH stains

Defense against infection from microorganisms

First arrive at site of infection
Chase pathogens using chemotaxis

Mast Cells

Red/purple by toluidine blue stains

Release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin

Rh Factor

antigenic substance
+ or - in blood

What is the antibody for type A? AB? O?

Anti-B antibodies
No antibodies
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

What is the antigens for type A? AB? O?

A antigens
A and B antigens
NO A or B antigens

When a blood vessel is damaged…

Smooth muscle constricts / Platelets adhere
Platelets release chemicals to attract other platelets and promote vasoconstriction
Plug forms as platelets aggregate

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism

Damaged tissue releases thromboplastin → produces enzyme prothrombin activator → PROTHROMBIN → THROMBIN → thrombin splits fibrinogen to form fibrin → traps more platelets and RBS to form clot

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism

Coagulation factor XII (12) activated to activate prothrombin activator & continues like extrinsic

Sympathetic of ANS

INCREASE heart rate by releasing norepinephrine