COAL - Midterm

Computer architecture

refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer.

Computer architecture

those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program

Computer architecture

refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.

ISA

A term that is often used interchangeably with computer architecture is ___

instruction set architecture

ISA

ISA

defines instruction formats, instruction opcodes, registers, instruction and data memory

hierarchical

A computer is a complex system, and the key is to recognize the ____________ nature of most complex systems, including the computer

Function

The operation of each individual component as part of the structure.

Data processing, Data storage, Data movement, Control

Four basic functions that a computer can perform

Data processing

one of the four basic functions. Data may take a wide variety of forms, and the range of processing requirements is broad.

Data storage

one of the four basic functions. The computer must temporarily store at least those pieces of data that are being worked on at any given moment.

Data movement

one of the four basic functions. The computer's operating environment consists of devices that serve as either sources or destinations of data.

Control

one of the four basic functions. manages the computer's resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional parts in response to instructions

Structure

The way in which the components are interrelated

Cpu, Main memory, I/O, System interconnection

4 components of a Simple Single-processor Computer

Cpu

one of the 4 components of a Simple Single-processor Computer. Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions often simply referred to as processor

Control unit, Arithmetic and logic unit, Registers, CPU interconnection

4 CPU Major Structural Components

Main memory

one of the 4 components of a Simple Single-processor Computer. Stores data

I/O

one of the 4 components of a Simple Single-processor Computer. Moves data between the computer and its external environment

System Interconnection

one of the 4 components of a Simple Single-processor Computer. Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O

Cpu, Core, Processor

3 Multicore Computer Structure components

Core

3 Multicore Computer Structure components. An individual processing unit on a processor chip

Processor

3 Multicore Computer Structure components. A physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores.

Processor

3 Multicore Computer Structure components. the computer component that interprets and executes instructions

Motherboard, chip, integrated circuit

3 components of the printed circuit board

Printed circuit board

pcb

Vacuum tubes

first generation

Transistors

second generation

Integrated circuits

third generation

first

The _____ generation of computers used vacuum tubes for digital logic elements and memory.

Stored-program concept

First gen. A fundamental design approach first implemented in the IAS computer is known as the ______-_______ _______

IAS

institute for advanced study

Transistors

The first major change in the electronic computer came with the replacement of the vacuum tube by the __________.

Silicon

The transistor is a solid-state device, made from _______.

1947

The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in ____ and by the 1950s had launched an electronic revolution.

Bell Labs

The transistor was invented at ____ ____ in 1947 and by the 1950s had launched an electronic revolution.

1950s

The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 and by the _____had launched an electronic revolution.

Second generation

what generation is the IBM 7094 [BELL71]?

Microelectronics

It is the integrated circuit that defines the third generation of computers

Gate, memory cells

Two Fundamental Types of Components in third generation integrated circuits

Third generation

What generation has these Characteristics of a family of computer products?

-Similar or identical instruction set

-Similar or identical operating system

-Increasing speed

-Increasing number of I/O ports

-Increasing memory size

-Increasing cost

SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY

later generations. The first application of integrated circuit technology to computers was the construction of the processor out of integrated circuit chips.

Ferromagnetic

later generations. In the 1950s and 1960s, most computer memory was constructed from tiny rings of _____________ material

1950s, 1960s

later generations. In the _____ and _____, most computer memory was constructed from tiny rings of ferromagnetic material

1970

later generations. in ____, Fairchild produced the first relatively capacious semiconductor memory

Fairchild

later generations. in 1970, ________ produced the first relatively capacious semiconductor memory

1974

later generations. In ____, a seminal event occurred: The price per bit of semiconductor memory dropped below the price per bit of core memory.

1974

later generations. A breakthrough was achieved in ____, when Intel developed its 4004

Intel

later generations. A breakthrough was achieved in 1971, when _____ developed its 4004

4004

later generations. A breakthrough was achieved in 1971, when Intel developed its ____

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

refers to the use of electronics and software within a product, as opposed to a general-purpose computer, such as a laptop or desktop system.

IOT

refers to the expanding interconnection of smart devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors.

IOT

primarily driven by deeply embedded devices

-Information technology (IT)

-Operational technology (OT)

-Personal technology

-Sensor/actuator technology

Embedded Operating Systems

Two General Approaches: Take an existing OS and adapt it for the embedded application—Design and implement an OS intended solely for embedded use

Cloud computing

its services first became available in the early 2000s

2012

Apple's iCloud was launched in ____ and had 20 million users within a week of launch

20

Apple's iCloud was launched in 2012 and had __ million users within a week of launch

Cloud computing

A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources

Cloud networking

refers to the networks and network management functionality that must be in place to enable cloud computing

Cloud Service Provider

maintains computing and data storage resources that are available over the Internet or private networks.

Software as a service

saas

SaaS cloud

provides service to customers in the form of software, specifically application software, running on and accessible in the cloud.

Platform as a service

paas

PaaS cloud

provides service to customers in the form of a platform on which the customer's applications can run.

Infrastructure as a service

iaas

IaaS

provides virtual machines and other abstracted hardware and operating systems, which may be controlled through a service application programming interface (API).

application programming interface

API

von Neumann architecture

contemporary computer designs are based on these concepts

von Neumann architecture

Three key concepts

• Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory.

• The contents of this memory are addressable by location

• Execution occurs in a sequential fashion

hardwired program

process of connecting the various components in the desired configuration as a form of programming. resulting "program" is in the form of hardware

Program counter

pc

Instruction register

ir

Accumulator

ac

Memory address register

mar

Memory buffer register

mbr

input/output address register

i/o ar

input/output buffer register

i/o br

Read, execute

two steps of Instruction Processing

Instruction cycle

The processing required for a single instruction

Processor-memory, Processor-I/O, Data processing, Control

four categories of instruction fetch and execute

0001

load ac from memory

0010

store ac to memory

0101

add to ac from memory

Instruction address calculation

an instruction cycle state. (iac)

Instruction fetch

an instruction cycle state. (if)

Instruction operation decoding

an instruction cycle state. (iod)

Operand address calculation

an instruction cycle state. (oac)

Operand fetch

an instruction cycle state. (of)

Data operation

an instruction cycle state. (do)

Operand store

an instruction cycle state. (os)

Interrupts

provided primarily as a way to improve processing efficiency

Multiple Interrupts

a program may be receiving data from a communications line and printing results

I/O Function

exchange data directly with the processor

I/O Function

desirable to allow I/O exchanges to occur directly with memory

INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURES

A computer consists of a set of components or modules of three basic types that communicate with each other

INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURES

The collection of paths connecting the various modules

BUS INTERCONNECTION

a communication pathway connecting two or more devices. consists of multiple communication pathways, or lines

Control Lines

-Memory write

-Memory read

-I/O write

-I/O read

-Transfer ACK

-Bus request

-Bus grant

-Interrupt request

-Interrupt ACK

-Clock

-Reset

Location

internal, external. (key characteristic of computer memory systems)

Capacity

number of words, number of bytes (key characteristic of computer memory systems)