chapter 1 psychology

What is Psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

What is a theory?

A systematic explanation of a phenomenon.

What is a hypothesis?

A specific testable explanation derived from a theory.

What is the Empirical method?

What we can directly observe.

Who established the first laboratory?

Wilhelm wundt

What did Wundt believe in?

Voluntarism or that attention is actively controlled by intentions and motives.

Who moved psychology into the realm of science?

Wundt

Who was Edward Bradford Titchner?

He was a student of wundts

What did Titchner believe in?

Structuralism or structure of the conscious mind through sensations, images, and feelings.

Who was William James?

The first American to question structuralism or the structure of the unconscious mind through sensations, images, and feelings.

What did James believe?

Functionalism or how humans use their psychological abilities to adapt and function in their environment.

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Most controversial psychological pioneer.

What did Freud believe?

Psychodynamic theory or the idea that all of our behaviors are driven by our unconscious thoughts, memories and desires.

What are the three steps of critical thinking?

1) question reality

2) consider alternate situations

3) avoid over simplifications

What is developmental psychology?

Changes from conception until death

What is physiological psychology?

Biological basis of human behaviors thoughts and emotions.

What is experimental psychology?

Basic psychological processes

What is clinical psychology?

Diagnosis.

What is counseling psychology?

Everyday problems.

What is social psychology?

How our thoughts feelings and behaviors influence others.

What is industrial/ organizational psychology(I/O)?

Applies the ideas/ principals of psychology to the workplace.

What is next?

Enduring issues of psychology.

Define person-situation.

Are we masters of our own fait or victims of our circumstance?

Define nature-nurture

Is our behavior driven by our genetics or our environment?

Define stability-change

Characteristics in childhood permanent or do they change from when we were a child?

Define diversity-universality

Understanding of human behaviors across culture.

Define mind-body

Explores relationships between experience and biological processes.

Step one of the scientific method

Make observations

Step two of the scientific method

Ask questions

Step three of the scientific method

Form hypothesis

Step four

Make predictions

Step five

Test predictions

Who Believed the mind was unlike the physical world and farther beyond

René Descartes the dualist

Who was uncertain if the mind was physical or non physical and believed that the human mind was a blank slate when born.

John Locke

What did Thomas Hobbes do?

Added onto Locke saying we respond to the forces around us.

What did Charles Darwin conclude?

The human mind is something beyond science that changes over generations.

Who discovered voluntarism?

Wundt

Who discovered structuralism?

Titchener

Who discovered functionalism?

William James.

Who discovered psychodynamic?

Sigmund Freud.

What is functionalism?

The focus on how individuals use their psychological abilities to adapt and function in their environment .

What is voluntarism?

Active nature of the mind involved in organizing and synthesizing input.

What is the study of the structure of the conscious mind through the study of sensations images and feelings?

Structuralism

Psychodynamic is?

The unconscious which is all the thoughts. Memories, and desires that lay hidden below our awareness and drive our behavior.

What did Watson come up with?

Behaviorism

What is behaviorism?

scientific study of behavior with the goal to predict and understand behavior.

What did skinner come up with when he revisited behaviorism?

Operant conditioning or the idea that people tend to avoid repeating behaviors that get them in trouble.

What is correlational research?

Naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables.

What is the independent variable

Manipulated.

The dependent variable?

Measured.