MRMCGARRY UNIT 7&8

7&8 TEST

Shays' Rebellion (Cause)

The cause was the post-Revolutionary War economic depression, heavy state taxes in Massachusetts, and foreclosures on the farms of indebted veterans and poor farmers who demanded debt relief.

Shays' Rebellion (Effect)

The effect was demonstrating the severe weakness of the Articles of Confederation and convincing national leaders, like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, of the urgent need for a stronger national government.

Shays' Rebellion (Cause and Effect)

The rebellion was caused by veteran farmer debt and taxes; it exposed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, leading directly to the call for the Constitutional Convention.

Class Warfare (Struggle)

Refers to the political and economic conflict between different social strata, often seen in US history through conflicts like Bacon's Rebellion (elite vs. poor farmers/servants) and Shays' Rebellion (creditors vs. debtors).

Whiskey Rebellion (Cause)

The cause was Alexander Hamilton's 1791 federal excise tax on distilled spirits, which western Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay, viewing it as unfair taxation by the distant federal government.

Whiskey Rebellion (Effect)

The effect was that President Washington personally led a large federal militia to suppress the revolt, establishing the federal government's authority and its power to enforce laws and taxes across the states.

Whiskey Rebellion (Cause and Effect)

Caused by Hamilton's excise tax, the rebellion tested the new government, whose effective military suppression of the revolt demonstrated the Constitution's strength over the weak Articles of Confederation.

Articles of Confederation (Weakness)

Major weaknesses included the national government's inability to tax (relying only on states for funds) and its lack of power to regulate interstate commerce, leading to economic instability and crises like Shays' Rebellion.

Articles of Confederation (Strength)

Its primary strength was providing a structure for organizing the Northwest Territory and establishing a methodical process for adding new states via the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Articles of Confederation (Weakness and Strength)

While its structure failed due to a weak central government that could not tax or enforce laws, it successfully organized the settlement of the western lands through the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Federalist-passed laws (1798) that allowed the deportation of foreigners and made it a crime to criticize the government, aimed at silencing Democratic-Republican critics during a potential war with France.

Federalists vs. Democratic

(Federalist) Led by Alexander Hamilton, Federalists favored a strong central government, a loose interpretation of the Constitution, a national bank, and supported industry and commerce (often pro-British).

Federalists vs. Democratic

Republicans (Democratic) Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, they favored strong state governments, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, opposed the national bank, and supported yeoman farmers (often pro-French). Strict Interpretation of Constitution- The belief that the federal government can only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution, as advocated by Thomas Jefferson when opposing the National Bank.

Strict Interpretation of Constitution

The belief that the federal government can only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution, as advocated by Thomas Jefferson when opposing the National Bank.

Loose Interpretation of Constitution

The belief that the federal government has powers beyond those specifically listed, justified by the "necessary and proper" clause, as championed by Alexander Hamilton for creating the National Bank.

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

A multi-part plan to stabilize the US economy by establishing a National Bank, having the federal government assume state debts (assumption), and issuing bonds to repay the debt.

Subsidies

Financial assistance or support (like tax breaks or direct payments) provided by the government to a specific industry, often used to encourage domestic production or innovation.

Separation of Powers

The constitutional principle dividing the US government into three distinct branches—legislative (Congress), executive (President), and judicial (Courts)—to prevent any single branch from becoming too powerful.

Hamilton's Support for Manufacturing and Protective Tariffs

Hamilton advocated for government support of domestic manufacturing through protective tariffs (taxes on imported goods) to raise revenue and shield young American industries from foreign competition.

Urban Cities vs. Rural Farms (Urban Cities)

Associated with the Federalist party, cities like Boston and New York were centers of commerce, finance, and manufacturing, supporting a strong federal government and a national economy.

Urban Cities vs. Rural Farms (Rural Farms)

Associated with the Democratic

Citizenship Qualification

Refers to the legal requirements for becoming a citizen; early US history saw qualifications based on land ownership and race, and the Alien Act extended the residency requirement for naturalization.

War of 1812 (Cause)

Causes included British impressment (forcing US sailors into the British navy), the British arming Native Americans on the frontier, and pressure from Southern and Western "War Hawks" who sought to expand US territory.

War of 1812 (Effect)

Effects included the surge of nationalism after the Battle of New Orleans, the decline of the Federalist Party (due to the Hartford Convention), and the encouragement of American industrial production in New England.

War of 1812 (Cause and Effect)

Caused by impressment and territorial disputes, the war resulted in a surge of American nationalism, the demise of the Federalist Party, and solidified American commercial and manufacturing independence.

Monroe Doctrine

A US foreign policy statement (1823) warning European powers that they must not attempt to colonize or intervene in the affairs of newly independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.

Peaceful Transfer of Power Between Political Parties

The significance of the "Revolution of 1800", where Thomas Jefferson (Democratic

Bacon's Rebellion (Cause)

Causes included economic distress, class resentment, and Governor Berkeley's refusal to allow backcountry farmers to wage war against Native Americans who raided their lands on the frontier.

Bacon's Rebellion (Effect)

Effects included colonial elites' fear of class uprisings among poor white laborers, accelerating the shift away from indentured servitude and toward the use of African chattel slavery as a more reliable labor source.

Bacon's Rebellion (Cause and Effect)

Caused by land scarcity and class tensions with Governor Berkeley, the rebellion directly led the Chesapeake elite to consolidate power and switch from indentured servitude to African chattel slavery.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine (1776) that used clear, plain language to argue for immediate American independence from Great Britain, profoundly influencing public opinion toward revolution.

Enlightenment

An 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and science, whose ideas (John Locke's natural rights) provided the philosophical foundation for the American Revolution.

Taxation Without Representation

The core colonial grievance against the British, arguing that only colonial legislatures had the right to levy taxes on the colonists, not the British Parliament, where they had no elected representatives.

Stamp Act

A 1765 British law that required printed materials, such as legal documents and newspapers, to carry a tax stamp, leading to widespread colonial protests, boycotts, and the formation of the Sons of Liberty.

Boycotts

A form of protest where colonists refused to buy British goods, like those organized against the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts, which proved to be the most effective means of pressuring Parliament to repeal the taxes.

Republican Motherhood

The 18th-century idea that women's primary political role was to instill the principles of liberty and civic virtue in their sons, who would become future American citizens and leaders.

Articles of Confederation (Weakness)

The national government lacked the power to tax the states or regulate interstate commerce, leading to economic instability and reliance on state funding.

Articles of Confederation (Structure)

Created a weak national government with a one-house Congress, no president, and no judiciary; required unanimous state approval to amend.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Regulated land sales north of the Ohio River, establishing the township system and reserving one section of land in each township to fund public education.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Established a process for adding new states from the Northwest Territory as equal members of the Union; crucially and permanently prohibited slavery in those territories.

Constitutional Convention (Bicameral Compromise)

Created a bicameral legislature (two-house Congress) where the Senate had equal representation (two per state) and the House had representation based on population.

Virginia Plan

Proposed a two-house legislature where a state's population determined its representation in both houses, favoring large states.

New Jersey Plan

Proposed a one-house legislature where each state would cast one vote, regardless of population, favoring small states.

Three Fifths Clause

A compromise that counted three-fifths of the slave population for both representation in the House and for determining direct taxes, boosting Southern political power.

Fugitive Slave Clause

Required all states to return enslaved people who escaped to a free area, helping to police the institution of slavery nationwide.

Slavery in the Constitution (Slave Trade)

The Constitution protected the Atlantic slave trade by preventing Congress from prohibiting it for twenty years (until 1808).

Electoral College

The system established for indirectly electing the President; adopted because delegates did not fully trust ordinary voters to make the best choice.

Federalism

The constitutional principle that divides power between the national government and the state governments, defining the authority of each.

Checks and Balances

The system that divides governmental authority into three branches (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) to ensure no single branch becomes too powerful.

The Federalist Papers

85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to convince the public, especially in New York, to support the ratification of the Constitution.

Federalist No. 10 / "Extend the Sphere"

Written by James Madison, arguing that a large republic would be more stable because a diversity of competing factions would prevent any single interest from dominating.

AntiFederalist

Opponents of the Constitution who demanded that a Bill of Rights be added to protect individual liberties from the new, powerful federal government.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing fundamental individual freedoms and protecting citizens from the potential power of the federal government.

Naturalization Act of 1790

The first law defining citizenship; it limited the process of becoming a naturalized citizen exclusively to "free white persons."

National Bank (Purpose)

Proposed by Hamilton to serve as the nation's main financial agent, holding public funds, issuing currency, and providing loans to the government.

Whiskey Tax

A federal excise tax on distilled spirits proposed by Hamilton, which led directly to the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania.

Whiskey Rebellion (Cause and Effect)

Caused by Hamilton's excise tax on spirits; the effect was that President Washington personally led troops to crush the revolt, demonstrating the federal government's power to enforce its laws.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Drafted by Madison and Jefferson in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, arguing that states had the right to declare federal laws "null and void" within their borders.

The Revolution of 1800

The peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party (John Adams) to the Democratic-Republican Party

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of Judicial Review, giving the Court the power to determine the constitutionality of acts of Congress.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Thomas Jefferson bought the vast territory from France, abandoning his strict construction principles to ensure the country would remain an agrarian republic.

Embargo Act (1807)

Passed by Jefferson to try and avoid war with Britain and France, it banned all American ships from leaving port, which severely crippled the US economy.

War Hawks

Young, nationalistic members of Congress (like Henry Clay) from the South and West who strongly pushed for the War of 1812, hoping to annex Canada and Florida.

War of 1812 (Cause)

Causes included British impressment of US sailors, British support for Native American resistance on the frontier, and pressure from the War Hawks.

War of 1812 (Effect)

Led to a surge in American nationalism, the demise of the Federalist Party (due to the Hartford Convention), and the end of the Indian threat east of the Mississippi River.

Hartford Convention (Effect)

A meeting of disgruntled Federalists that resulted in the demise of the Federalist Party after their demands were overshadowed by the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A foreign policy statement warning European powers not to establish new colonies or interfere in the affairs of newly independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.

Shays's Rebellion (Effect)

The effect was to strengthen the argument for a stronger national government that could ensure private property rights and suppress internal unrest.

Annapolis Convention (1786)

A meeting of delegates from five states to discuss reforming interstate commerce; it ultimately led to the call for a full

Treaty System (Native Americans)

The method by which the US government dealt with Native American tribes, viewing them as separate nations and demanding land cessions through formal agreements.

Annuity System

Established by the Treaty of Greenville (1795), this system involved yearly federal payments to Indian tribes, giving the government leverage over tribal affairs.

Miami Confederacy

A tribal alliance, led by Little Turtle, that defeated US forces in the Ohio Valley in the early 1790s before being defeated themselves at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

A decisive US victory over the Miami Confederacy that resulted in the Treaty of Greenville and the cession of vast Indian lands in Ohio and Indiana.

Washington's Farewell Address

Issued in 1796, this address warned the nation against the dangers of political parties and permanent foreign alliances (entanglements).

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic crisis with France in 1797 where French officials demanded bribes before beginning negotiations, leading to the Quasi

Fries's Rebellion (1799)

An uprising of farmers in Pennsylvania led by John Fries who opposed the Federalist-imposed taxes to fund the Quasi-War, demonstrating regional resistance to federal policy.

Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)

A slave conspiracy in Virginia led by the enslaved blacksmith Gabriel, who planned an uprising based on the revolutionary language of liberty, but was thwarted and executed.

Jefferson's View on Blacks

Claimed in Notes on the State of Virginia that blacks lacked self-control and reason; he believed they should be freed and removed from the country (colonization) to preserve national freedom.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

Commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase territory; it was a mission of scientific discovery, mapping, and establishing trade relations with Native Americans.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Shawnee brothers who led a pan-Indian military and religious movement to unite tribes and resist American expansion in the Old Northwest.

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

A key battle where William Henry Harrison's forces defeated the forces of Tenskwatawa, leading to the destruction of Prophetstown and significantly weakening the unified Indian resistance movement.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

The treaty that formally ended the War of 1812; it essentially restored the pre-war status quo (no territory changed hands).

War of 1812 (Effect on Indians)

The war completed the conquest of the Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River, permanently ending the British and Indian threat to American control in the region.