anatomy and physiology

What is the study of anatomy

Scientific study of the structure of the body

What is the study of physiology

The scientific study of how living organisms, including humans function

How is the study of anatomy & physiology related

It's important to not only know what something is but how it works and does it

What are the two main approaches to studying anatomy

Regional & systemic

What is regulation

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment (homeostasis)

What organ systems are central to regulation

The nervous system & the endocrine system

What is homeostasis

The bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes

How is homeostasis achieved

Through a complex interplay of feedback loops that detect and respond to changes in the bodies internal conditions

What is the role of positive & negative feedback loops

Negative feedback loops work to counteract the change and bring it back towards the set point. Positive feedback amplify the change rather than counteract it

What is extrinsic v.S. Intrinsic regulation

Both refer to the ways in which a system, like blood flow, is controlled .

Intrinsic regulation occurs within the system itself, using local mechanisms, while extrinsic regulation involves external influences like nerves or hormones

What are the major body cavities

Dorsal cavity & ventral cavity

Cavities in dorsal cavity

Cranial & spinal

Cavities in ventral cavity

Thoracic, abdominopelvic, pleural, mediastinum, abdominal, pelvic,& pericardial

What are the bodies fluid compartments

Intracellular and extracellular compartments

What are the major tissue membranes

Cutaneous membrane, mucosa membrane, serous membrane

What are serous membranes

Smooth muscle lining internal body cavities and covering organs

What's parietal serosa

Lines internal body walls

What is visceral serosa

Covers the internal organs

What is peritoneum

Lines abdominal cavity & covers abdominal organs

What is pleura

Lines the chest cavity & covers the lungs

What is pericardium

Surrounds the heart

What are mesenteries

Double layer of peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall, suspending it & allowing movement

Function of mesenteries

Provides a pathway for blood vessels, and nerves and lymphatic vessels. Plays a role in immune response and may contribute to inflammatory regulation.

What's ment by "potential spaces “

A space in the body that exists under normal circumstances as a potential area for fluid or air accumulation, but is not normally filled with any substance

Functions of the integumentary system

Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury's, involved in vitamin D synthesis, site of pain & pressure receptors, and helps regulate temperature

Functions of skeletal system

Protects & supports body organs, provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement, synthesis of blood cells, and mineral storage. (Bone contains 99% of the bodies stored calcium)

Function of the muscular system

Moves and strengthens joints, provides protection and support for other tissues, thermogenesis (generation of heat) and maintains body temp

Nervous system functions

Fast acting control system of the body and coordinates body regions, interprets environmental cues and integrates information

Endocrine system functions

Land term control system of the body and regulates growth, reproduction and nutrient use among other things

Cardiovascular system functions

The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood provides the transport medium for nutrienss( glucose, amino acids, und lipids ), gasses ( O 2 a c O2) wastes 1 signaling molecules (neurons) and heat

Lymphatic system functions

Attacking & resisting foreign invaders (pathogens and disease causing organisms) and absorption of fat from the digestion track.

Respiratory system functions

Constantly supplying blood with oxygen & removing Carbon, regulates pH, and produces sound for communication

Digestive system functions

Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution of the body's cells

Urinary system functions

Removal of nitrogenous waste, and adjusts the chemical balance of body fluids and maintaining blood volume

Reproductive system functions

Making babies

What is gross anatomy

Bodily structure that can be observed without magnification

What is histology

The microscopic features /structures of tissues and organs

Cutaneous membrane

Skin, covers body's surface

Mucosa membrane

Lines the body cavities open to the exterior (mucosa of lung branch; esophagus lining, mucosa of mouth, and mucosa of nasal cavity )

Serous membrane

Lines body cavities closed to the exterior (parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, parietal pleura, visceral pleura, visceral pericardium, and parietal pericardium).