Unit 8 Decolonization and Conflict in the Middle East

Economic Dependency

A condition in which a country relies heavily on others for economic support, often leading to vulnerability in global markets.

Neocolonialism

The practice of using economic, political, or cultural pressures to control or influence a country, often considered a modern form of colonialism.

Nationalization

Changing something from private to state ownership or control

Bandung Conference

The conference in which representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered in Bandung, Indonesia to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development and decolonization. The conference denounced colonialism in all its manifestations and said that all countries in attendance would not align with either communism or capitalism.

Algerian War for Independence

Began in 1954 with Algeria a campaigning for independence from France

Baifran Civil War

1966-1970; a movement by the Igbo ti fight for their independence from the new country of Nigeria; created more violence and ethnic based conflict

African Union

Organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster their development and end poverty.

Kenya

East Africa

Nigeria

West Africa

Partition of India

India was separated in two countries Pakistan for Muslims and India for Hindus.

Igbos

Indigenous linguistic and cultural people of southern Nigeria

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of Ghanas independence movement and Ghanas first president.

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in Exile (1890-1970)

Kofi Annan

Leader of the United Nations from 1997-2007. From Ghana, winner of the Novel Peace Prize.

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya.

Muslim league

And organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India’s Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations.

West Pakistan

Houses the central government

East Pakistan

Former name of Bangladesh

Bangladesh

Was formerly East Pakistan before it was split off

Kashmir

A region in northern India and Pakistan over which several destructive wars have been fought.

Benazir Bhutto

Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980’s and 1990’s; first ran for office to avenge her fathers execution by the military clique then in power.

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nations first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically seperated different races into different geographic areas

Passbooks

What black South Africans had to carry. This listed the persons information.

Afrikaans

A language developed in Southern Africa; a mix of Dutch, Khoisan, Bantu, and Malay

Homelands

Under apartheid, area in South Africa designated to ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.

Bantustans

Separate territories for blacks that the governments created in the 1950’s called “homelands”

Freedom Charter

A document written at the Congress of the people to express the thinking about how a South Africa must move forward to a non-racial future in 1954.

Soweto

Impoverished black neighborhood outside Johannesburg, South Africa and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that rebellion became a series of violent protest and strikes that help end apartheid.

F.W. De Klerk

The last state president of apartheid era, South Africa known for engineering the end of apartheid

Divest

Tô strip or remove a title or position of authority

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as a South African native national Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

Stephen Biko

Leader of African students organization, who was arrested for his part in the Soweto uprising supposedly died from “hunger strike”, but actually beaten.

Jim Crow laws

Laws designated to enforce segregation of blacks from white

Indian National Congress

A movement in political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. It’s membership was middle class and it’s the demands were modest until World War II lead after 1920 by Mohandas Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Pan-Africanism

The unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries.

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana name for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward

Civil disobedience

A form of political participation that reflects a conscious decision to break a law belief to be immortal and to suffer the consequences

Salt March

Passive resistance campaign of Mahan’s Gandhi were many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the seat to make their own salt

Pakistan

The Muslim part of South Asia, while India was a Hindu part

Amritsar Massacre

To protest the Rowlatt act Indians gathered in Amritsar were British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests.

Satyagraha Movement

Devotion to truth, embarked on a campaign of civil disobedience expose the inherent injustice of the British system

Quit India Movement

Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan a lawyer by training he joined the all Indian Muslim league in 1913 as leader of the league from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim political rights.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader, favoring India’s independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded in Mohandas Gandhi as leader of the Indian national Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India’s first Prime Minister. (1947-1964)

La Matanza

Communist indigenous rebellion that took place in El Salvador between 22 and 25 January 1932 after the revolt was suppressed. It was followed by large-scale government killings in western El Salvador, which resulted in the deaths of 10,000 to 40,000 people.

Populism

The political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR‘s foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force in the region.

Progressive Policy

An expenditure or transfer that increases the income of poor households by more than richer households, in percentage terms.

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician, elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

The 1916 secret agreement between Britain and France that divided up the Arab lands of Lebanon Syria, southern Turkey, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)

This organization formed in 1964 with the purpose of creating a homeland for Palestinians in Israel

Arab League

Regional political and economic organization, focused on Arab unity and development

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956 Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized Suez Canal, October 29 British French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forces British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power.

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Arab Spring

A series of popular revolt in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that sought to end authoritarian, often western supported regimes

Intifada

The Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank in Gaza strip beginning in 1987

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company

The British company that owned the concession to excavate, process, and export Iran’s oil until 1954

Iranian Revolution

1978 to 1979 a revolution against the shot of Iran, led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader

Ayatollah Khomeini

Shiite religious leader of Iran led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran in order the invasion of the US Embassy

“The Great Satan”

What Khomeini calls the USA because they are a living symbol of modernization

Secularism

An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education

Israel

A Jewish state on the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean both in antiquity and again founded in 1948 after centuries of Jewish diaspora

Palestine

Also called Holy Land biblical name, Canaan in ancient country in southwest Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean.

6 day War

1967 Israel attacked Syria, Jordan, and Egypt unprovoked taking out air forces, Israel wins and gets golan heights from Syria, WB from Jordan, Sainai Peninsular, and GS from Egypt

Yom Kippur War

Egypt in Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 on Yom Kippur

Gamam Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalize Suez Canal, led to war against Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, return to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for juice help in World War I

Pan-Arab Nationalism

Forms in Palestine against potential Jewish state

Non-Alignment policy

Policy of not supporting either side in a conflict, such as India during the Cold War

Mohammad Massadegh

Elected leader of Iran in first election. Left leaning, and nationalized Iran’s oil. Removed from power after coup staged by the CIA.

Shah Reza Khan

Lead a nationalist movement in Iran (Persia) in 1921 against British influence. Was the secular dictator that wanted to modernize and westernize Persia, calling it by its native name, Iran

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

A leader of Iran, whom CIA helped bring to power in 1953; his secular government collapsed as Shia Muslims ran him out of the country. Islamist movement then installed Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as leader.

9/11

Terrorist attacks on the world trade center and pentagon lead to a focus on eliminating terrorism

Al-Qaeda

Islam terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against United States

Osama Bin Laden

Arab terrorist to establish Al-Qaeda born in 1957

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim government whose militia to control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 to Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and it’s allies after September 11, 2001 attacks

George W. Bush

43rd President of the United States, who began a campaign towards energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Islamism

A fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Quran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life

Saddam Hussien

Iraqi dictator defeated by the US and its allies in the Persian Gulf war leader of Iraq during the middle of the Cold War. Although initially supported by the US to fight Iran, his invasion of Kuwait made him a prime enemy of America.

The Gulf War

A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution

Operation Enduring Freedom

President George W. Bush; the United States and its allies invade the country of Afghanistan in order to remove the Taliban from power after the 9/11 attacks

ISIS

Islamic state of Iraq and Syria

The patriot act

This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools, used to fight terrorism and improved in communication between law-enforcement and intelligence agencies

The department of homeland security

US Federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

FLN (Federal Liberation Front)

Algerian nationalists founded in 1950s. 1954 Civil War broke out and used geurrilla warfare which was highly effective.