female pelvis

what produces the male or female characteristics

primordial germ cells

what duct in males grows

wolffian

what duct in females grows

mullerian

what 4 bones make up the pelvic girdle

scacrum, coccyx, 2 innominate bones (anterior/lateral)

what two sections is the true pelvis divided into

inlet and outlet

what are the three functions of the pelvic girdle

weight-bearing bridge between spinal column and bones of lower limbs, directs fetal head during childbirth, and protects organs of reproduction

recognition of _____ can avoid confusion with a pelvic mass

muscles

under hormonal influence the ____ _____ fluctuate in size to thicken and regress the endometrium

spiral arteries

what are the three pelvic lymph nodes

internal iliac, external iliac, common iliac

what pelvic ligaments bind pelvic bones together

osseous

what pelvic ligaments support the uterus and ovaries

suspensory

what are the three pelvic spaces

space of retzius, anterior cul-de-sac, posterior cul-de-sac

where is the most common site for pelvic fluid collections

pouch of douglas

the bladder is adequately full for a TA ultrasound when the dome of the bladder extends ____ the fundus of the uterus

above

how long should the vagina and fallopian tubes measure

7-10 cm

the vagina encircles the inferior portion of the cervix creating a blind pouch called the ____ _____

vaginal fornix

what are the four sections of the fallopian tubes

intramural, isthmus, ampulla, and fimbria

90% of ectopic pregnancies occur here

ampulla

what layer are the ovaries found in

peritoneum

what measurement is most accurate for the ovaries

volume

what is the outer layer of the ovary called

germinal epithelium

what is the capsule (white coat) of the ovary called

tunica albuginea

what are the openings at the end of the cervix called

“os”

what is the purpose of the cervix

impede upward migration of bacteria from vagina to uterus

where is the most flexible portion of the isthmus

transition from internal os of the cervix to the uterine body

body AKA ____

corpus

what is the largest uterine region

the body

what portion is a tricky site for fibroid tumors of uterus because they can be easily overlooked

fundus

cervix and uterus has a _____ ratio in pediatric patients

2:1

when scanning a pediatric patient you must rule out congenital anomalies by also evaluating what

the urinary system

what is the UT size for multiparous

increases by 1-2 cm compared to nulliparous

what is UT size for postmenopausal

3-5 cm length

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

what is the outer layer of the uterus called

perimetrium

the thickness of the endometrium is ___ mm immediately after menstruation and up to ____ mm immediately before menstruation

1; 14

what are the two layers of the endometrium

basalis and functionalis

how long does the menstrual cycle last

28 days

how many days does the menstrual phase last

1-5

what phase does the thickened endometrium shed

menstrual phase

how many days does the proliferative phase last

6-14

what phase does the endometrium thicken in response to estrogen, preparing the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

proliferative phase

how many days is the secretory phase

15-28

what phase involves the production by corpus luteum that maintains the endometrium

secretory phase

the follicular phase is days ______

1-13

FSH and LH is produced by what

anterior pituitary gland

how many primordial follicles mature

5-10

one will become the ______ or dominant follicle by day 8 and grow larger and the others become secondary follicles

graafian

presence of ______ ______ suggests ovulation will occur within 36 hrs

cumulus oophorus

ovulation is day ___

14

sudden decrease in follicular size-now called the ____ _____

corpus luteum

what is corpus luteum

any follicle that has released its oocyte; produces progesterone

luteal phase is day _____

15-28

in the absence of hCG from conceptus the corpus luteum regresses after 14 days and is called the _____ ______

corpus albicans

what hormone does conceptus secrete

hCG

if there is no fertilization LH, estrogen, and progesterone drop

true

what does dysmenorrhea mean

painful menses

what does mittelschmertz mean

mid-cycle pain associated with ovulation

what does menorrhagia mean

excessive menstrual bleeding

what does metrorrhagia mean

irregular uterine bleeding

what does menometrorrhagia mean

excessive, irregular bleeding

what does menarche mean

onset of menses

what is menopause

permanent cessation of menses

menses ceases between _____ years

45-55

what hormones are used for hormone replacement therapy

estrogen and progesterone

for a transabdominal scan the patient should drink at least ____ one hour prior to have a full bladder

32 oz

descending colon becomes the _____ _____ and enters the pelvic space through the left iliac fossa

sigmoid colon

for a transvaginal scan the patient should have an empty bladder

true

why might you do a translabial scan

when transvaginal scanning is contraindicated

what transducer is used for a translabial scan

curvilinear 3.5 MHz

why might you use doppler

transvaginal gives better visualization, can assess ovaries for cysts/masses, diagnose ovarian torsion

the fallopian tubes are normally not seen sonographically unless abnormal

true

flexion refers to the axis of the uterus relative to the _____

cervix

version refers to the axis of the cervix relative to the ______

vagina

list the 4 sections of the uterus

cervix, isthmus, body, fundus

how long is the cervix

2-4 cm nulliparous

the cervix has mucosa. what is it’s purpose

to impede bacteria from entering the uterus

what is the largest uterine region

body (corpus)

which is the thickest

myometrium

which layer of the uterus responds to hormones

endometrium

what is the normal range for endometrial thickness

1-14mm

what are the advantages of using TV

closer to anatomy, higher frequency probe=better detail, patient can have empty bladder

what happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs

it involutes and degenerates in 10-12 days

how do you define menopause

permanent cessation of menstrual cycle

the secondary follicles function to ____

secrete estrogen to promote proliferation of the endometrium

what sonographic finding is indicative of ovulation within 36 hrs

cumulus oophorus

why are post menopausal ovaries difficult to image

smaller than reproductive ovaries, 85% lack follicles

what sonographic findings are present in a woman on HRT

increased endometrial thickness, cyclical appearance of the endometrium

what structure makes Gonadotropin-Releasing hormone when estradiol/estrogen is needed

hypothalamus

if the father contributes an X, is the fetus a girl or boy

girl

____ arteries surround the periphery of the uterus

arcuate

____ arteries penetrate the myometrium

radial

____ arteries supply the first layer of endometrial tissue

straight

____ arteries respond to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle

spiral

during the menstrual and proliferative phases of the endometrium, the ovaries are under the influence of what hormone (it gets them ready for ovulation)

follicle stimulating hormone

why is it important to know the normal location of the bowel

peristalsis can differentiate between bowel and pelvic masses

what arteries supply the ovaries

ovarian and branches of uterine

what hormones peak to induce ovulation

FSH and LH

how long after the peak does ovulation occur

12-24 hrs

what is the term for mid-cycle or ovulation pain

mittelschmertz

in what 3 regions are the organs of the pelvis contained

right iliac, left iliac, hypogastrium