patho exam 2

Cardiac Output (CO)

The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as Stroke Volume (SV) times Heart Rate (HR).

Short-Term Regulation of Blood Pressure

Primarily involves heart rate and systemic vascular resistance (SVR).

Hypertension

Consistently elevated blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg.

Risk Factors for Hypertension

Increasing age, family history, ethnicity, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, dietary factors, and metabolic syndrome.

Mitral Stenosis

Impaired blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle due to narrowing of the mitral valve.

Stable Angina

Predictable chest pain during physical activity or stress, relieved by rest or medication.

Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib)

Rapid, irregular beating of the atria, causing poor blood flow.

Classifications of Heart Failure

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Cardiogenic Shock

A type of shock where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

Asthma Triggers

Allergens, irritants, exercise, infections, emotional stress, and weather changes that can provoke asthma symptoms.

Chronic Bronchitis Symptoms

Chronic cough, sputum production, shortness of breath on exertion, fatigue.

Cystic Fibrosis

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene affecting chloride transport.

Sick Sinus Syndrome

Condition where the heart’s natural pacemaker is off-balance, causing alternating slow and fast heart rates.

Beta-Blockers

Medications that reduce heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand, easing the heart's workload.

Impella and EMCO Devices

Temporary mechanical devices that help pump blood and support heart function during acute heart failure.

DASH Diet

A dietary approach for hypertension that is low in sodium and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Bronchodilators

Medications that open the airways during asthma or COPD exacerbations.