Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases Imbalance

These flashcards cover key concepts related to fluids, electrolytes, and acid-base balance, necessary for understanding physiological functions and preparing for exams.

What primarily regulates body water distribution?

1. The nervous system alone.

2. Musculoskeletal contractions.

3. Hormones and regulatory mechanisms, including the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

4. Dietary intake exclusively.

Hormones and regulatory mechanisms, including the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Which of the following represents the two main compartments for body water?

1. Intracellular fluid (2/3) and extracellular fluid (1/3).

2. Cellular water and tissue fluid.

3. Plasma and interstitial fluid.

4. Blood and lymph.

Intracellular fluid (2/3) and extracellular fluid (1/3).

Which statement best defines edema?

1. Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces.

2. An increase in intravascular blood volume.

3. A decrease in intracellular fluid.

4. An excess of fluid within the cells.

Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces.

The types of extracellular fluid are primarily:

1. Interstitial fluid (80%) and intravascular fluid (20%).

2. Intracellular fluid and plasma.

3. Lymph and gastrointestinal fluids.

4. Cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid.

Interstitial fluid (80%) and intravascular fluid (20%).

Plasma osmolality is a measure of:

1. The volume of plasma in the bloodstream.
2. The amount of solutes in plasma, typically 280—300 mOsmol/Kg.
3. The number of red blood cells in plasma.
4. The oxygen carrying capacity of plasma.

The amount of solutes in plasma, typically 280—300 mOsmol/Kg.

Among its many roles, sodium is crucial for:

1. Enzyme synthesis and detoxification.
2. Regulating osmotic forces, blood pressure, muscular contraction, and nutrient absorption.
3. Regulating bone density and strength.
4. Producing red blood cells and platelets.

Regulating osmotic forces, blood pressure, muscular contraction, and nutrient absorption.

What is considered the normal range for serum sodium levels?

1. 100-120 mEq/L.
2. 90-110 mEq/L.
3. 135-145 mEq/L.
4. 150-160 mEq/L.

135-145 mEq/L.

Hypernatremia is characterized by:

1. A decrease in total body sodium.
2. Sodium gain or water loss, leading to serum sodium >147 mmol/L.
3. A high intake of potassium-rich foods.
4. Excessive water intake leading to dilution of sodium.

Sodium gain or water loss, leading to serum sodium >147 mmol/L.

The primary role of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is to:

1. Promote water absorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine.
2. Increase sodium excretion in the urine.
3. Decrease blood pressure by dilating blood vessels.
4. Stimulate aldosterone production.

ADH promotes water absorption in the kidneys, leading to concentrated urine.

Which of the following are effects of hypokalemia?

1. Hypoglycemia and metabolic alkalosis.
2. Elevated blood pressure and fluid retention.
3. Increased cardiac contractility and hyperactivity.
4. Skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, and ECG changes.

Skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, and ECG changes.

The normal pH range for arterial blood is:

1. 7.50 to 7.80.
2. 7.35 to 7.45.
3. 7.00 to 7.20.
4. 6.80 to 7.00.

Normal arterial blood pH is 7.35 to 7.45.

Which statement accurately defines acidosis?

1. A localized increase in tissue oxygenation.
2. A systemic increase in H+ concentration or decrease in bicarbonate.
3. A systemic decrease in H+ concentration or increase in bicarbonate.
4. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Acidosis is a systemic increase in H+ concentration or decrease in bicarbonate.

Lungs and kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by:

1. Lungs absorb oxygen, kidneys filter waste.
2. Lungs expel CO2 and kidneys adjust bicarbonate levels.
3. Both organs solely focus on maintaining blood volume.
4. Lungs produce bicarbonate, kidneys excrete CO2.

Lungs expel CO2 and kidneys adjust bicarbonate levels.

Hyponatremia is defined as:

1. An elevated potassium level impacting heart function.
2. A serum sodium level <135 mEq/L that can lead to cellular swelling.
3. A normal serum sodium level with increased fluid volume.
4. A serum sodium level >145 mEq/L leading to cellular dehydration.

Hyponatremia is a serum sodium level <135 mEq/L that can lead to cellular swelling.

Which of these are main functions of calcium in the body?

1. Production of digestive enzymes and bile.
2. Bone integrity, blood clotting, hormone secretion, and muscle contraction.
3. Oxygen transport and immune response.
4. Regulation of sleep cycles and body temperature.

Bone integrity, blood clotting, hormone secretion, and muscle contraction.

A buffer system's primary role is to:

1. Absorb excessive acid or base and minimizes pH changes.
2. Maintain a constant body temperature.
3. Expel waste products from the body.
4. Increase the rate of metabolic reactions.

A buffer system absorbs excessive acid or base and minimizes pH changes.

The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system primarily functions to:

1. Aid in nutrient digestion.
2. Regulate blood glucose levels.
3. Regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
4. Control immune responses.

It regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system primarily:

1. Regulates sodium and potassium concentrations.
2. Filters toxins from the blood.
3. Breaks down fats and carbohydrates.
4. Maintains pH by balancing CO2 and bicarbonate levels in the blood.

It maintains pH by balancing CO2 and bicarbonate levels in the blood.

Hypochloremia typically results from:

1. Excessive intake of sodium chloride.
2. Hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate concentration.
3. Increased water absorption in the kidneys.
4. Normal serum potassium levels.

Usually results from hyponatremia or elevated bicarbonate concentration.

Edema stemming from cardiac issues is primarily caused by:

1. Decreased blood volume.
2. Overactive lymphatic drainage.
3. Increased venous pressure leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
4. Reduced arterial pressure.

It is due to increased venous pressure leading to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.

The anion gap is significant because it:

1. Helps distinguish different types of metabolic acidosis.
2. Measures the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.
3. Determines the rate of kidney filtration.
4. Indicates the total electrolyte concentration in plasma.

It helps distinguish different types of metabolic acidosis.

Potassium balance in the body is primarily achieved through:

1. Sodium-potassium pumps and hormonal regulation.
2. High dietary intake of sodium.
3. Increased water excretion.
4. Carbonic acid buffering.

Through sodium-potassium pumps and hormonal regulation.

Which factor primarily contributes to respiratory acidosis?

1. Elevated pCO2 due to hypoventilation.
2. Increased bicarbonate levels.
3. Decreased pCO2 due to hyperventilation.
4. Excessive acid production in the metabolism.

Elevated pCO2 due to hypoventilation.

The normal range for serum calcium levels is typically:

1. 4.0-6.0 mg/dL.
2. 12.0-14.0 mg/dL.
3. 6.5-8.0 mg/dL.
4. 8.8-10.5 mg/dL.

Serum calcium levels are typically 8.8-10.5 mg/dL.

Which of the following factors impact water balance in the body?

1. Thirst mechanism, ADH, and blood volume changes.
2. Skin pigmentation and hair growth.
3. Rate of digestion and nutrient absorption.
4. Bone density and muscle mass.

Thirst mechanism, ADH, and blood volume changes.

Water balance alterations are classified as:

1. Solid, liquid, or gas.
2. Isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic.
3. High, medium, or low.
4. Acidic, basic, or neutral.

Alterations can be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic.

Hyperkalemia can potentially lead to:

1. Extreme muscle weakness and paralysis.
2. Severe dehydration and cellular shrinkage.
3. Dysrhythmias and potential cardiac arrest.
4. Increased blood pressure and fluid overload.

Dysrhythmias and potential cardiac arrest.

Hypocalcemia can be caused by:

1. PTH deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, or inadequate absorption.
2. Increased kidney excretion of calcium.
3. Excessive calcium intake.
4. Overactive parathyroid glands.

PTH deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, or inadequate absorption.

The primary role of phosphates in the body includes:

1. Maintaining fluid balance in cells.
2. Bone integrity and energy transfer.
3. Regulating blood sugar levels.
4. Enhancing oxygen transport.

Bone integrity and energy transfer.

Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:

1. A decrease in blood pH due to respiratory issues.
2. A decrease in bicarbonate or increase in non-carbonic acids.
3. An elevated pCO2 due to hypoventilation.
4. An increase in bicarbonate and decrease in acid.

A decrease in bicarbonate or increase in non-carbonic acids.

Explain the effects of excessive aldosterone.

1. A decrease in metabolic rate and energy expenditure.
2. Increased sodium and water retention, leading to expanded blood volume.
3. Decreased blood pressure and dehydration.
4. Increased potassium excretion and decreased sodium retention.

Increased sodium and water retention, leading to expanded blood volume.