Basic chemistry

Matter (noun)

The stuff that makes up everything in the universe

Matter (definition)

Anything that occupies space and has mass

In what states does matter exist

solid, liquid, and gas

Physical Changes in Matter

Do not alter chemical make up of a substance

Chemical changes in matter

Alter chemical make up of a substance

Example of Physical change in matter

Ice melting into water, then evaporating into gas

Example of chemical change in matter

Fermentation of wine or digestion of food

What does matter consist of

Element and Atoms

96% of body weight is made up of...

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

Number of Identified elements

118

Number of natural elements

92

How are elements defined

Atomic symbol (1 or 2 letters)

Can elements be broken into smaller structures by ordinary chemical process

NO

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-carrying molecule

Sub-atomic particles (function)

make up atoms themselves

sub-atomic particles (identify)

Protons, neutrons, electrons

Proton

Positive charge. Makes up majority of mass with neutron

Neutron

Neutral charge. Makes up majority of mass with proton

Electron

Negative charge. Almost no mass.

Proton and neutron location

nucleus

electron location

cloud surrounding nucleus

Neutrally charged atom

Protons and electrons are equal

Ion

an atom with a positive or negative charge. (NOT neutrally charged)

Molecule

2 or more atoms combine

2 of the same elements combine

same element is produced

Compound

Different atoms combine

Electron (function)

sub-atomic particle used to create a bond

Valence shell

outer most shell. The most important shell

How are electrons housed

Shells or energy levels

Inert elements

outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons

Main types of chemical bonds

Ionic and covalent

ionic bond

electron is transferred from one atom to another

Anion

negatively charged ion

Cation

positively charged ion

ions are formed by

gaining or losing an electron

Covalent bond

Sharing of electrons between two atoms

Non-polar covalent bonds

Electrons are shared equally between atoms

Polar covalent bonds

Electrons are not shared equally. Results in different charge in each molecule

Chemical reactions

Synthesis, decomposition, single exchange, double exchange

Inorganic compounds

Lack carbon and tend to be small, simple molecules

Organic compounds

Contain carbon

Inorganic compound examples

water, salts, acids and bases

Electrolytes

Charged ions in the body

Acids=

proton donor

base=

proton acceptor

Neutralization reaction

Reaction between acids and bases

pH

relative concentrations of acids and bases in a fluid

Average blood pH range

7.34-7.45

Midpoint blood pH

7

Carbohydrate

easily used fuel source

Carbohydrate size

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Ingestion of carbohydrates

converted to glycogen or stored as fit if not broken into glucose and used

Monosaccharide

single sugar. Simple sugar. Glucose

Disaccharide

double sugar. joined by dehydration synthesis. sucrose

Polysaccharide

Large and insoluble molecules. Good as storage produces. starches

Simple sugars

(Mono/di)saccarides

Complex sugar

Polysaccarides

Monosaccharide break down

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharide break down

Maltose, lactose, sucrose

polysaccharide breakdown

starches, fibers, glycogen

Lipid building block

fatty acids and glycerol. 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol molecule

Abundant lipid types in body

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Lipids

body's most abundant and concentrated sources of energy. cell structure. insulation.

Lipid storage location

stored in fat deposits beneath skin and around organs

Cell membrane

composed of lipids and proteins

Cholesterol

gives cell membrane flexibility

Monomer

fatty acid

Polymer

lipid

lipids consist of

fats, oils, waxes

structure of lipid

head= glycerol, tail= fatty acids

What are phospholipids similar to?

Triglycerides

What distinguishes phospholipids from triglycerides?

The presence of a phosphorus-containing molecule that replaces one of the fatty acid chains.

Phospholipids contain how many fatty acids

2 fatty acids

Cell membranes are made of

phospholipids so they can be selective of what enters the cell

Interacts with water

phosphorus head

does not interact with water

fatty acid tail

Hydrophilic head

part of the lipid structure made of phosphate and glycerol. decides what comes into cell

Hydrophobic tail

part of the lipid structure made of (un)saturated fatty acids

Amino acids

make up protein

number of unique amino acids

20

Fibrous proteins

structural in nature appearing most often in the body. Bind certain structures and provide strength to body tissues

Globular proteins

mobile and generally compact that have at least one tertiary structure. Active proteins that do something in the cell

Enzymatic protein

Fuction: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Enzymatic protein example

Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Defensive proteins

Protect against disease

Defensive protein examples

Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria

Storage proteins

Storage of amino acids

storage protein examples

Casein, the milk protein is a major sources of amino acids for baby mammals

Transport proteins

Transport substances

transport protein examples

Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body

Nucleic acid

make up genes that dictate human biology, guiding growth and development

Two major types of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA

DNA

genetic material found in nucleus

RNA

outside nucleus and carries orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA

DNA function

replicate itself before cell division so every cell has same genetic make up. Provide instructions on how to build every protein in the body

DNA consists of

Thymine (T), adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), deoxyribose, phosphate, hydrogen bond

DNA connecting parts

Thymine to Adenine. Cytosine to Guanine

RNA consists of

Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Uracil (U)

RNA connecting parts

Cytosine to Guanine. Adenine to uracil

Difference between RNA and DNA

DNA has Thymine and lacks uracil and RNA has uracil and lacks thymine