K101 dr. marrs exam 2

9 main parts of plasma membrane mosaic

1. integral proteins/trans-membrane proteins/integrins

2. glycoproteins

3. glycolipids

4. cholesterol

5. lipids

6. proteins

7. extracellular matrix

8. E and P face

9. peripheral proteins

junctions and their functions

1. tight junctions- presses membranes of neighbor cells together to form strong sheets

2. desmosomes- anchor and fasten cells together to prevent cellular fluid from leaking

3. gap junctions - for communication between cells with cytoplasmic channels

6 major functions of membrane proteins

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment of cytoplasm to ecm

hypotonic

isotonic

hypertonic

turgid

flaccid

plasmolized

plant cell doesn't have enough water, the membrane shrinks away from cell wall

phagocytosis

type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

phinocytosis

ingestion of small dissolved particles

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

metabolism

the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism

1st law of thermodynamics

energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

how do unsaturated fatty acids help keep the plasma membrane more fluid at lower temperatures

the double bonds form a kink in the acid tail, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart

how can membrane phospholipids move across the fluid mosaic

laterally

why are glycolipids and glycoprotiens of animal cell membranes important

they are the cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another

exergonic reaction

proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

endergonic reaction

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous

catabolic pathway

series of reactions that results in the breakdown of cellular components

anabolic pathway

consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

free energy ΔG

energy that is available to do work

energy coupling

the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

hydrolysis of ATP to ADP

exergonic

ATP's full name and structure

adenine triphosphate

phosphorylated intermediate

recipient molecule in phosphorylation

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

enzyme

protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

redox reactions

an oxidation-reduction reaction

oxidation reaction

chemical reaction in which an atom or ion loses an electron (OIL)

reduction reaction

chemical reaction in which an atom or ion gains an electron (RIG)

hydrolases

catalyze hydrolysis reactions

isomerases

catalyze the rearrangement of bonds within a molecule

ligases

bond formation coupled with ATP hydrolysis

lyases

catalyze certain reactions in which double bonds form or break

dehydrogenase

removes pair of H atoms from substrates

kinase

enzyme that moves phosphates around

decarboxylase

removes a CO2 or carboxyl functional group

competitive inhibitor

binds to the active site, prevents substrate from binding and forming E-S complexes

non competitive inhibitor

changes the active site by binding somewhere else on the enzyme.

allosteric regulation

binding of a modulator at a site other than the active site

metabolic disequilibrium

an open system with constant input and output prevents system from reaching equilibrium

what is true for all exergonic reactions

the reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy

ATP usually energizes a cellular process by

coupling free energy released by ATP hydrolysis to free energy need by other reactions

label components of the plasma membrane

as living organism increase in complexity as they grow, they result in a decrease in entropy, how does this relate to the 2nd law of thermodynamics

as they grow they create entropy in their outward environment that exceeds the decrease in entropy in their own self

increasing the substrate concentration can help overcome what in an enzymatic reaction

competitive inhibition

how does a molecule that has been phosphorylated act

it has increased chemical reactivity/it is more unstable, ready to do cellular work

label activation energy of a reaction

substrate level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of ATP formed during glycolysis

100% (all of it)

glycolysis

breaks glucose down into 2 pyruvate, makes 2 NADH, makes 2 ATP

kreb's cycle/TCA cycle/citric acid cycle

completes break down of glucose, produces 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 2 FADH

oxidative phosphorylation

chemiosmosis, yields 26-28 ATP

fermentation

harvest of energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen

reducing agent

donates electrons and becomes oxidized

oxidizing agent

accepts electrons and becomes reduced

glucose gets...

oxidized ---> CO2

O2 gets...

reduced ---> H2O

in muscle cells fermentation produces

lactic acid and NAD+

mitochondrial anatomy

NAD+

is reduced to NADH

NADH

carries extra electrons and a proton that is used in the electron transport chain

G3P

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

glycolis energy investment phase: first enzyme

hexokinase: breaks down glucose using an ATP to get G6P

glycolis energy investment phase: third enzyme

phosphofructokinase: takes F6P covnerts it to fructose 1, 6 biphosphate

glycolis energy payoff phase: sixth enzyme

triose phosphate dehydrogenase: takes G3P and converts it to 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate while taking 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH

glycolis energy payoff phase: seventh enzyme

phospho-glycerokinase: converts 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and makes 2 ATP from 2 ADP

glycolis energy payoff phase: tenth enzyme

pyruvate kinase: converts PEP to pyruvate and makes 2 ATP from 2 ADP

pyruvate dehydrogenase

converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA

where is the kreb's cycle performed

mitochondrial matrix

where is acetyl CoA made

cytosol of the cell

what enzyme does arsenic inhibit

succinate dehydrogenase

isocitrate

converts citrate to alpha ketogluterate , releases CO2, reduces NAD+

alpha ketogluterate

converts isocitrate to succinyl CoA, release CO2, reduces NAD+

succinate

converts succinyl CoA to fumerate, reduces FADH

malate

converts fumarate to oxaloacetate , reduces NAD+

oxaloacetate

end enzyme of kreb's cycle

where is chemiosmosis and electron transport chain done

cristae of the mitochondria

where are the hydrogen's pumped to

intermembrane space pf mitochondria

where is ATP pumped to

mitochondrial matrix

what begins the electron transport chain

NADH

proteins that carry electrons through ETC

protein complexes I, II, III, IV

what does cyanide effect

blocks the protein complex IV by binding irreversibly to cytochrome oxidase

what is DNP

a diet drug from the 50's that makes inner membrane leaky to H+ allowing to flow back into the matrix without going through ATP synthase

why is oxygen important to the electron transport chain

it is the catchers mitt because of its strong electronegativity, forms water

what is substrate level phosphorylation

glycolysis, kreb's cycle

what is oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

how does ATP synthase work

H+ gradient drives it, when H+ flows past the rotor spins clockwise

what is released when proteins are put through cellular respiration

ammonia NH3

fats yield how much more ATP than glucose

20%

when a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom (not ion) the molecule becomes...

reduced

where is does the calvin cycle take place

stroma

where do light reactions occur

thylakoid membrane

where is ATP production occurring

cristae

where is the proton gradient for photosynthesis

inter membrane of the thylakoid

what products of the light reactions are used for the calvin cycle

ATP and NADPH

what does cyclic phosphorylation in the chloroplast produce

6 ATP

what is it about the photosynthetic adaptations of of C4 and CAM plants similar

both use an enzyme different from rubisco to carry out carbon fixation

carbon fixation involves the addition of CO2 to...

RuBP