Chapter 8- Cardiovascular System

aneurysm/o

aneurysm- widening blood vessel (at risk of rupture)

\

angi/o, vascul/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

aort/o

aorta

arteries

bring oxygenated blood from heart to body (away)

veins

returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole (smaller branch of arteries)

atri/o

atrium

ather/o

fatty plaque

cardi/o, coron/o

heart

electr/o

electricity

embol/o

embolus (plug)

hemangi/o

blood vessel

my/o

muscle

phleb/o,ven/o

vein

scler/o

hardening

\-osis

abnormal condition

sept/o

septum

sphygm/o

pulse

sten/o

narrowing

thromb/o

blood clot

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle

\-cardia

heart condition

brady-

slow

endo-

in/within

extra-

outside

peri-

around

trans-

across

arrhythmia

irregular heart rhythm

angina

chest pain (caused by spasms of coronary arteries)/tightness

aneurysm

abnormal dilation/ widening of an artery

bruit

soft, turbulent, blowing sound heard (murmur) associated with valvular action or the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction

cardiomyopathy

disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

coarctation

narrowing of vessel (especially aorta)

embolism

intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area

heart failure

disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body

hyperlipidemia

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides)

hypertension

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

palpitation

sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

\-experienced during panic attacks

\-scary experience

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

common circulatory disorder characteristic by reduced flow or blood to the extremities (ex- legs resulting in muscle cramps)

phlebitis

inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms of legs

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves

syncope

partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain (fainting)

thrombosis

abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel

electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)

procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of heart using small electrodes

stress test

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress condition

cardiac biomakers

blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released when it is damaged or under stress

lipid panel

series of blood tests used to assess risk factors (total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and triglycerides)

angiography

imaging inside a vessel

Doppler US

Ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells

echocardiography (ECHO)

ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves and chambers

myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging MRI)

specialized MRI procedure that provides images heart chambers, valves, major blood vessels, and pericardium

magnetic resonance angiograohy

type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels

multiple-gated acquisition

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

cardiac catheterization

passage of catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

angioplasty

reopening of narrowed blood vessel to restore blood flow

coronary artery bypass graft

placement of vessel graft from another part of the body (usually the leg) to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery to restore blood supply

open heart surgery

surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries

pacemaker insertion

implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm

Varicose veins

Enlarged, engorged, twisted veins. Caused when laves do not function properly and fail to prevent backflow of blood.

\-incompetent valves

\-SUPERFICIAL (does not affect blood flow-- cosmetic issue)

\
\
ex)

\-hemorrhoids

\-on legs

\

regurgitation

backflow of blood

cryablation

freezing tissue to destroy vein wall and causing it collapse and seal. Used to treat varicose veins

radiofrequency ablation

using heat to burn varicose views to make the seal and collapse

myxoma

tumor of heat of the endocardium or the left atrium

valvuloplasty

surgical repair of vein valves

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (drug/IV usage)

infarction

area of localized tissue necrosis (death) (due to lack of blood supply)

myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack

atherosclerosis

atheroma hardens and arterial walls become brittle due to plaque build up (ANY artery)

my-

muscles

\-algia

pain

necrosis

death

ischemia

partial blocking of circulation causing tissues anemia

anemia

low blood

atheroma

tumor of plaque

\-plegia

paralysis

cardiologist

heart doctor

thrombus

blood clot

endarterectomy

removal of fatty deposits of arteries

diaphoresis

heavy sweating

sphygmomanometer

measures blood pressure

capillaries

microscopic vessels that branch off on veins and arteries and housing the exchange of water, gases, and other waste in lungs. (in walls of alveoli’s to allow alveoli to do gas exchanges with blood)

cardiomyopathy

diseased of weakened heart that diminishes to cardiac function

left ventricle

has oxygenated blood that it leaves heart through aorta to the rest of the body

right ventricle

has deoxygenated blood that leaves heart through left and right pulmonary arteries to go to lungs

lumen

hallow tube inside vessels

viscosity

thickness/resistance to flow of liquid

mitral valve

valve from veins into left atrium (bicuspid-- two leaflets)

leaflet

tissues thats make up valves

semilunar valve

from left atrium to left ventricle (tricuspid--three leaflets)

vasoconstriction

constriction of lumen in vessel

vasodilation

widening of lumen in vessel

Primary/Essential Hypertension

Hypertension with no diagnosable cause (genetic)

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension with diagnosable/identifiable cause

\-lifestyle

\-disease

Malaise

uneasy feeling

perfusion

circulation of blood through vessels (blood flow)