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55 Terms

1

Cognitive Learning

Learning that involves understanding, knowing, or reasoning.

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2

Associative Learning

Learning that involves making connections between two events or stimuli.

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3

Stimulus

Any event or object in the environment that one can respond to.

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4

Behavioral Perspective (Behaviorism)

A psychological approach that emphasizes observable behaviors and their relation to environmental stimuli.

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5

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.

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6

Respondent Behavior

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

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7

Operant Behavior

Behavior that is influenced by its consequences.

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8

Acquisition

The process of developing a conditioned response.

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9

Neutral Stimuli (NS)

Stimuli that initially have no effect on the response.

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10

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

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11

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An unlearned response that occurs naturally to an unconditioned stimulus.

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12

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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13

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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14

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus.

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15

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response after a time of absence.

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16

Stimulus Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different stimuli.

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17

Generalization

The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

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18

Higher-Order Conditioning

A form of conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

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19

Counterconditioning

A technique used to change the response to a stimulus by associating it with something positive.

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20

One-Trial Conditioning

Learning that occurs after only one pairing of the stimulus and response.

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21

Biological Preparedness

The idea that certain associations are learned more easily than others because of biological factors.

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22

Habituation

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

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23

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.

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24

The Law of Effect

Behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences become more likely.

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25

Operant Chamber

An enclosed apparatus that allows the researcher to observe behavior in a controlled environment.

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26

Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement.

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27

Reinforcement

Any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a response.

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28

Punishment

Any event that decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

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29

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior.

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30

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an adverse stimulus to increase a behavior.

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31

Positive Punishment

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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32

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior.

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33

Primary Reinforcers

Stimuli that are naturally reinforcing, such as food or water.

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34

Secondary Reinforcers

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers.

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35

Reinforcement Discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different situations that lead to reinforcement.

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36

Reinforcement Generalization

The tendency for learned behaviors to occur in similar situations.

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37

Shaping

Gradually training a behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations.

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38

Instinctive Drift

The tendency of learned behaviors to gradually revert to innate behaviors.

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39

Learned Helplessness

A condition in which a person or animal feels powerless to control their situation.

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40

Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

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41

Partial Reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time.

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42

Fixed-Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

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43

Variable-Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

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44

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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45

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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46

Social Learning Theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating others.

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47

Vicarious Conditioning

Learning that occurs by observing the consequences of others' actions.

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48

Model (modeling)

Imitating the behavior of others.

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49

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others without direct experience.

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50

Mirror Neurons

Neurons that fire both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.

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51

Prosocial Behavior

Positive, helpful behavior that is intended to benefit others.

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52

Antisocial Behavior

Negative behavior that is harmful to others.

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53

Insight Learning

A type of learning or problem-solving that happens suddenly through understanding relationships.

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54

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and is not immediately reflected in behavior.

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55

Cognitive Maps

Mental representations of physical locations.

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