Health Promotion, Illness, & Health Disparities Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering health promotion, models of health and illness, social determinants, family dynamics, and cultural competence based on lecture notes.

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, as defined by the World Health Organization.

Health Promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.

Healthy People 2030

An initiative providing foundational goals, plans, and context to improve health in America through tools, information, and access.

Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)

The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks, grouped into $5$ domains.

Human Dimensions Composing the Whole Person

The $6$ human dimensions that make up a person: Physical, Emotional, Sociocultural, Intellectual, Environmental, and Spiritual.

Seven Pillars of Self-Care

A framework of self-care consisting of Knowledge & Health Literacy, Mental wellbeing, Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, Risk avoidance, Good hygiene, and Rational use of products & services.

Transtheoretical Model of Change

A model describing the stages of behavior change: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation/Determination, Action, Maintenance, and Relapse/Recycling.

Modifiable Risk Factors

Health-threatening factors that can be changed or controlled, such as High Blood Pressure, Physical inactivity, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Smoking, Diet, and Alcohol consumption.

Nonmodifiable Risk Factors

Health risk factors that cannot be altered, including Age, Gender, Genetic Factors, and Race & Ethnicity.

Acute Illness

An illness characterized by an abrupt onset and a short duration.

Chronic Illness

A loss or abnormality of body function that lasts $> 6\text{ months}$, requires ongoing long-term care, and is controlled with lifestyle management or drug therapy, but is not reversible.

Exacerbation

An acute episode of worsening symptoms of a chronic illness, during which symptoms reappear.

Suchman's Stages of Illness Behaviors

A $5$-stage process defined by Edward Suchman (1972): 1) Experiencing symptoms, 2) Assuming the sick role, 3) Contacting medical care, 4) Assuming a dependent role, and 5) Achieving recovery & rehabilitation.

Primary Prevention

Interventions instituted before disease becomes established by removing the causes or increasing resistance, such as immunizations, wearing seatbelts, exercise, and health education.

Secondary Prevention

Interventions undertaken in cases of latent disease for early detection and screening, such as routine labs, mammograms, and screening questions.

Tertiary Prevention

The treatment or rehabilitation stage of preventive care implemented when a condition is permanent and irreversible, such as physical therapy, speech therapy, or daily low-dose aspirin for stroke risk.

Quaternary Prevention

Actions taken to protect patients from excessive use of medical interventions that can cause more harm than good.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A hierarchy describing basic human needs required for survival and growth, arranged from highest priority to lowest priority as: Physiologic, Safety and security, Love and belonging, Esteem, and Self-actualization.

Health Belief Model

A health model that explores how patients' attitudes and beliefs predict health behavior and determines a patient's readiness and motivation to act.

Self-Efficacy

The belief in one's ability to perform a task.

Health Promotion Model

A model that defines health as a positive, dynamic state of well-being rather than the absence of disease, focusing on behavior motivated by a desire to optimize health status.

Health-Illness Continuum

A model that conceptualizes health as a constantly changing state along a graduated scale, placing high-level wellness and death on opposite ends.

Nuclear Family

A traditional family structure consisting of two parents and their children.

Extended Family

A family structure that includes parents, children, plus aunts, uncles, and grandparents.

Blended Family

A family structure formed when two parents live together with their unrelated children from previous relationships.

Family as Context

A nursing approach where the primary focus is on the health and development of an individual member within the family unit.

Family as a System

A nursing approach where the primary focus is on family needs, processes, and relationships as a whole rather than individual member characteristics.

Family as Patient

A nursing approach focused on providing care for each family member and the overall family unit using all available resources.

Culture

A shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provides social structure for daily living and shapes acceptable behavior.

Subculture

A large group of people within a larger cultural group who share specific ethnic, occupational, or physical characteristics not common to the larger culture.

Cultural Assimilation

The process wherein minorities living within a dominant group lose their distinct cultural characteristics and replace their values with those of the dominant culture.

Culture Shock

Psychological discomfort or disturbances experienced when placed in a different culture.

Cultural Imposition

The belief that everyone should conform to the majority belief system.

Cultural Blindness

The practice of ignoring cultural differences and proceeding as if they do not exist.

Culture Conflict

A state occurring when people become aware of cultural differences, feel threatened, and respond by ridiculing the beliefs and traditions of others.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own ideas, beliefs, and practices are superior, best, or preferred compared to those of others.

Cultural Competence vs. Cultural Humility

Cultural competence emphasizes knowing cultural backgrounds, values, and facts with self-awareness, while cultural humility focuses on critical self-reflection, ongoing learning, curiosity, vulnerability, and addressing power imbalances.