Exam 4 Study Guide - Section 3

Helper T cells

Activate B & T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Kill infected cells

Memory cells

Long‑term immunity

Antibodies bind to

Antigens

Humoral immunity

B cells + antibodies

Cell‑mediated immunity

T cells

Vaccination exposes body to

Antigen

Vaccination forms

Memory cells

Why is secondary response faster?

Memory cells

HIV infects

Helper T cells

Ecology studies interactions between

Organisms & environment

Biotic factors

Living

Abiotic factors

Nonliving

Levels of ecology (order)

Organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

Ecosystem includes

Community + environment

Energy flow sequence

Sun → producers → consumers

Producers

Make own food

Why energy decreases each level?

Lost as heat

Energy flow

One‑way

Nutrient cycling

Nutrients reused

Five abiotic factors

Temp, water, sunlight, soil, salinity

Temperature affects

Enzymes, metabolism, survival

Why water important

Needed for cell reactions

Climate = long‑term patterns of

Temperature & rainfall

Equator warmer because

Direct sunlight

Mountains block ______ and create ______.

Moisture; rain shadows

Biome

Region with similar climate & organisms

Terrestrial biomes determined by

Temperature & rainfall

High temp + high rainfall biome

Tropical rainforest

Very low rainfall biome

Desert

Low temperature biome

Tundra

Difference: terrestrial vs aquatic

Land vs water

Behavior = response to

Internal or external stimuli

Behavioral ecology studies

Survival, reproduction, fitness

Behavior influenced by

Genes & environment

Proximate cause

How behavior happens

Ultimate cause

Why behavior evolved