COM-103 MVCC Final SG

Similarities between Conversation & Public Speaking

1. Organizing your thoughts logically.

2. Tailoring your message to your audience.

3. Telling a story for maximum impact.

4. Adapting to listener feedback.

Differences between Conversation & Public Speaking

1. Public speaking is more highly structured

2. Public speaking requires more formal language

3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery

Speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener. Begins speech communication.

Message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.

Channel

The means by which a message is communicated

Listener

The person who receives the speaker's message

Feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, that are sent back from a listener to a speaker.

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message.

Situation

The time and place in which speech communication occurs

The Speech Communication Elements Model

-Situation

-Speaker

-Channel

-Adapting to Interference

-Message

-Feedback

Frame of Reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same.

How to reduce speaker nervousness

-Acquire speaking experience

-Prepare, prepare, prepare

-Think positively

-Use the power of Visualization

-Know most nervousness isn't visible

-Don't expect perfection

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's group group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Guidelines for Ethical Speaking

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound

2. Be fully prepared for each speech

3. Be honest in what you say

4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language

5. Put ethical principles into practice

Why do speakers have an obligation to avoid abusive language?

Our identities, who and what we are, how others see us, are greatly affected by the names we are called and the words with which we are labeled.

Who is responsible for ethical communication?

Both Speakers and Listeners

Guidelines for Ethical Listening

1. Be courteous and attentive

2. Avoid prejudging the speaker

3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

Plagiarism

to present another person's work or ideas as your own.

Types of Plagiarism

global, patchwork, incremental

Global Plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Patchwork Plagiarism

Taking ideas from more than one piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as one's own work.

Incremental Plagiarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people or sources.

What skill do most employers rank as the most important communication skill?

Listening

Obstacles of Effective Listening

-situational obstacles

-internal obstacles

Situational Obstacles

incomprehensibility, message overload, message complexity, environmental distractions

Internal Obstacles

preoccupation, prejudgement, lack of effort, reacting to emotionally loaded language, not recognizing diverse listening styles

Appreciative Listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

EX: Music, Comedy, Entertainment Speech

Empathetic Listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

EX: Psychiatrist, Friend in need

Comprehensive Listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker

EX: Lectures, Directions

Critical Listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

EX: Sales pitch, Campaign Speech

Causes of Poor Listening

1. Not concentrating

2. Listening too hard

3. Jumping to conclusions

4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

How to become a Better Listener

1. take listening seriously

2. Be an active listener

3. Resist distractions

4. Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery

5. Suspend judgement

6. Focus your listening

7. Develop note-taking skills

General Goals of Public Speaking

-To inform

-To persuade

-To entertain

Specific Purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker wants to say & accomplish but also what the speaker wants the audience to know as as a result of the speech.

EX: To inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for people with psychological or cognitive disabilities.

Central Idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Central Idea Guidelines

Express as full sentence

Don't express as question

Avoid figurative language

Don't be vague

Egocentric

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

Audience-Centered Speakers

Tries to keep the audience foremost in mind at every step of the speech preparation and presentation

Identification

formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience

Demographic Audience Analysis

audience analysis that focuses on factors such as gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

Situational Audience Analysis

audience analysis that focuses on factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

Types of Audience Questionnaire Questions

-Fixed alternative

-Scale

-Open-Ended

Fixed Alternative Questions

Questions that offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives

EX: Yes, No, Unsure

Scale Questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

EX: Rate 1-10

Open-Minded Questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

EX: Opinons

How to evaluate Internet Source Credibility

-Authorship

-Sponsorship

-Recency

Periodical Database

a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines

How to evaluate if a source is Biased

Check if Authors or Sponsors are fair-minded or experts on the topic.

Statistical Support

Numerical data that support your ideas in a speech

Testimonial Support

Quotations or paraphrases used to support your ideas in a speech

Example Support

A specific case used to support the speaker's ideas

How to use Statistics

-Quantify your ideas

-Use them sparingly

-Identify the sources

-Explain them

Why statistics?

-Show seriousness of a situation

-Clarify and support ideas

-Create an overall impact on listeners

Why Testimonies?

-Show knowledgeable people support your ideas

-Give ideas more strength and impact

-Gives different viewpoints on topics

Why Examples?

-Gives vivid details

-impact listeners beliefs and actions

-Make ideas specific, personal, and lively

How to cite sources orally

Identify some combo of:

-The book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing.

-The author or sponsoring organization of the document.

-The author's qualifications with regard to the topic.

-The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.

Transitions

Words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another.

EX: "Now that we have...let me share"

Signposts

Brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech

EX: "First let me show you"

Internal Previews

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

Internal Summaries

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

Chronological Order

Order where main points follow a series of time.

Topical Order

Main points are divided the topic into logical and consistent subtopics,

Spatial Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. Top to bottom; Inside to out

Casual Order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

Problem-Solution Order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Chronological Order is good for...

Informative Speeches

Spacial Order is good for...

Informative Speeches

Casual Order is good for...

Persuasive & Informative Speeches

Problem-Solution order is good for...

Persuasive Speeches

Topical Order is good for...

Persuasive & Informative Speeches

Purpose of an Introduction

-Get the attention and interest of your audience.

-Reveal the topic of your speech.

-Establish your credibility and goodwill.

-Preview the body of the speech.

Parts of an Introduction

1. Get attention & interest

2. Reveal the topic

3. Establish credibility & goodwill

4. Preview the body of the speech

Purpose of a Conclusion

-To let the audience know you are ending the speech.

-To reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

Parts of a Conclusion

1. Signal the end of the speech

2. Reinforce the central idea

Denotative Meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

Connotative Meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Effective use of language means using words...

-Accurately

-Vividly

-Clearly

-Appropriately

inclusive Language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

EX: People with disabilities VS Handicapped people

Inclusive Language Guidelines

Use names that groups use to identify themselves

Avoid: -the use of "He"

-the use of "Man" when referring to both makes and females

-stereotyping jobs & social roles by gender

Vivid Imagery

the use of descriptive words to create a specific picture for the reader

Rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

How to add Vivid Imagery

Use: -Concrete words

-Similes

-Metaphors

How to add Rhythm

Use: -parallelism

-repetition

-alliteration

-antithesis

Abstract Language

Language describing ideas and qualities

Concrete Language

Language that describes specific, observable things, people, or places.

Principles of Nonverbal Communication

-Posture

-Personal Appearance

-Facial expressions

-Gestures

-Eye Contact

Manuscript Speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

Impromptu Speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Extemporaneous Speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Speech from Memory

A speech that is written out, memorized, then delivered

Verbal Pause

a break before, between, or after the message consisting of verbalizations that have no specific meaning in the context.

EX: Um, Uh, Like

Articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

EX: Don't Know= Dunno

Pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

EX: gen-u-wine

Importance of Visual Aids

-help you combat stage fright

-They heighten audience interest

-shift attention away from the speaker

-give the speaker greater confidence in the presentation as a whole

Guidelines for preparing Visual Aids

-Prepare visual aids well in advance

-Keep visual aids simple

-Make sure visual aids are large enough

-Use a limited amount of text

-Use fonts effectively

-Use color effectively

-Use images strategically

Guidelines for presenting Visual Aids

-display visual aids where listeners can see them

-avoid passing visual aids among the audience

-display visual aids only while discussing them

-explain visual aids clearly and concisely

-talk to your audience, not to your visual aid

-practice with your visual aids

-check the room and equipment

Informative Speaking

presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to deepen understanding, raise awareness, or increase knowledge about a topic

Persuasive Speaking

speaking that influences others to believe or think something, or to take action

Kinds of Informative Speech

-speaking about objects

-speaking about processes

-speaking about events

-speaking about concepts