DCUSH Unit 1 Exam Review

Primogeniture - what is it? How did it impact European settlement of America?

System where the eldest son inherits all family property

• Led to many younger sons seeking fortune in Americas, fueling European settlement

Albany Plan of 1754

Proposed by Benjamin Franklin to unite the colonies for defense and governance

• Rejected but laid groundwork for future unity

• Individual colonies reluctant to give up autonomy to a central authority, fearing losing control over their own governments and taxation powers

Describe America before arrival of Europeans

Populated by diverse Native American tribes with complex societies, trade networks, and agricultural practices

Describe native religion

Spiritual and animistic, often centered around nature, ancestral spirits, and communal rituals

Describe native’s belief of land ownership

Land was communal and sacred, not owned individually, clashed with European views of private property

Motivation for European exploration

1. Spain: Sought gold and silver in the Americas converting Natives to Catholicism

   1. ex. New Spain (Mexico, Peru)— Cortez and Pizarro (Conquistadores) extracted vast wealth

2. England: Aimed to profit from cash crops and trade

   1. ex. Jamestown, Virginia, 1607— Founded by Virginia Company to find gold; later profitted fomr tobacco

3. France: Fur trade

   1. ex. New France, Quebec— Native Alliances

Pueblo Revolt

• Led by Po’pay, Native Americans in New Mexico rebelled against Spanish rule and oppression, temporarily successful

  1. Powerful symbol of Native resistance and resilience against colonial domination

Indentured servants compared to African slavery

Indentured = worked for set time for passage + African = lifelong and hereditary, dominant b/c labor needs and racial ideologies

Headright system

Granted land to settlers who paid for their own or others’ passage + encouraged migration and plantation growth

Describe Puritanism

Strict Protestant sect seeking to purify Church of England, Emphasized moral living, community, predestination

1. tight-knit villages w/ strong sense of duty to one another thru conformity

2. Town meetings allowed male church members to vote and govern locally

3. Families were large and patriarchal

   1. Men led households and participated in civic life

   2. Women managed home, raised children, expected to be pious and obedient

4. Not tolerant— Dissenters like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were banished for challenging the church

Mercantilism

7. Economic theory where colonies exist to benefit the mother country through trade and resource extraction

   1. ex. Navigation Acts

   2. ex. Products: Tobacco, sugar, indigo = “enumerated goods” sold to England = monopoly

Reasons Dutch lost New Netherlands to England

Weak leadership and small population = English easily seize colony in 1664

PA treatment of Natives

William Penn promoted fair dealing and peace with Native Americans, unlike other colonies, b/c institutional religious tolerance

Causes of Bacon’s Rebellion

Poor Settlers resented elite control and lack of protection from Native attacks, control (in east coast).

1. Effects: Shift from indentured servitude to African slavery, greater control by the colonial elite

Religion of African slaves

Blended African spiritual traditions w/ Christianity, forming unique religious practices

King Philips’ War

Causes: Expansion of English settlements, conflict b/w New England settlers and Natives led by Metacom, devasted Native population and ended major resistance

Jamestown problems and solutions

Faced starvation, disease, and conflict, tobacco cultivation and leadership (John Smith) hekoed stabilize the colony

Jamestown interaction with natives

Initial cooperation with Powhatan Confederacy turned into conflict over land and resources

Self-government within 13 colonies

Most colonies had elected legislative bodies, such as

• Virginia House of Burgesses (1619)— First representation assembly in the colonies

• Massachusetts General Court— Elected by male church members

• Town Meetings were especially common in New England, allowing male property owners to vote on local issues

  • Meetings fostered direct democracy and community involvement

• Britain’s policy of salutary neglect meant colonies were left to govern themselves for much of the 1600s and 1700s

How did Dutch and French colonies differ from the English in their relations with the

Native Americans?

Dutch and French focused on trade with them and had better relations while English focused on settlements which caused conflict between them and Natives

Reason New England doesn’t have cash crops

Bad geography, rocky soil, colder climate and hills

“City upon a hill”

Puritans and John Winthrop’s vision for Massachusetts Bay Colony should be an example for the world as a Christian region

• shaped laws and education, and daily life

• emphasizing moral discipline and communal responsibility

• believed that he had a covenant with God, if they obeyed him, they will be blessed

Pontiac’s Rebellion- causes? consequences?

changing opinions from loyalty to Britain → rebellion

Britain needs money after 7-year war

• Started taxing on the colonies, putting more of the burden on them, which made colonists mad (taxation w/o representation)

no taxation without representation

Colonists’ belief that Britain couldn’t tax them unless they had representation in Parliament

salutary neglect

Britain’s policy of ignoring enforcement of laws from authority in colonies, as long as the colonies kept making money/allowing self-rule

• Ended when Britain started taxing the colonies from the war

geography’s impact on Native American culture - 8/13 map sheet

Compare French, English, and Spanish colonization of Americas

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of goods, people, ideas, and diseases between Eastern and Wester Hemispheres,

Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda debate

Las Casas defended Native rights, Sepulveda justified conquest and enslavement

• sparked ethical debates on colonialism

Conflict and Cooperation with Native Americans Gallery Walk events- see 8/28 folder