Anatomy Teacher Training

Flashcards for Anatomy Teacher Training Lecture Notes

anatomical

All terms are in reference to __ position.

Sagittal

__ plane describes forward/backward movement.

Frontal; coronal

or plane describes side to side movement.

Transverse

__ plane describes turning and rotational movements.

Flexion

__: Bending (technically, decreasing the angle of a joint).

Extension

Straightening (some joints allow extension past anatomical position).

Lateral

__ flexion: Side bending (right or left).

Abduction

Moving a limb out to the side, away from the midline is known as __.

Adduction

Moving a limb toward the midline is known as __.

External

__ (or lateral) rotation: Rotating the front of a limb away from the midline.

Internal

__ (or medial) rotation: Rotating the front of a limb toward the midline.

Axial

__ rotation: Rotating the trunk (right or left).

Horizontal

Combined flexing and abducting a limb is known as __ abduction.

Horizontal

Combined flexing and adducting a limb is known as __ adduction.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body is considered __.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body is considered __.

Superior

Above or higher than another part of the body is considered __.

Inferior

Below or lower than another part of the body is considered __.

Lateral

Toward the side of the body is considered __.

Medial

Toward the middle of the body is considered __.

Proximal

Nearer to the point of attachment of a limb or the trunk of the body is considered __.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment of a limb or the trunk of the body is considered __.

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body is considered __.

Deep

Farther from the surface of the body is considered __.

collagen

Bones are connected by tough _ protein fibers at fibrous joints.

cartilage

Bones are connected by __ at cartilaginous joints.

Synovial

__ joints are freely moveable joints.

Articular cartilage

__ is a smooth substance that decreases friction on bones where they contact .

Synovial

__ fluid lubricates joints and provides nutrients and oxygen to cells in articular cartilage.

extracellular matrix

The cells in connective tissues are widely spaced and surrounded by an __.

Compact bone

__ is dense, closely packed bone tissue found in the outer shaft of long bones.

Trabecular or spongy

__ bone has a "pumice stone" texture and is found in the ends of long bones and in vertebrae.

Osteoblasts

__: Bone formation.

Osteocytes

__: Bone maintenance.

Osteoclasts

__: Bone breakdown.

Wolff’s

__ Law: The structure of bone adapts to stressors placed upon it.

Hyaline

__ cartilage is important for the growth of bones and lines bones to reduce friction at joints.

Intervertebral

__ disks and the meniscus in the knee contain collagen fibers and distributes loads and absorbs shocks.

Elastic

__ cartilage is found in the ear and nose.

Cartilage

__ receives nutrients through diffusion and has limited ability to repair itself.

Areolar

__: "Packing material" found throughout the body; a type of loose fibrous connective tissue.

Adipose

__: Fat tissue; a type of loose fibrous connective tissue.

Collagen

__: Very strong protein fiber that gives connective tissues their strength.

Elastin

__: Elastic protein fiber.

Ligaments

__ connect bones and maintain the stability of joints.

Tendons

__ connect muscle to bone.

Fascia

__are continuous with tendons, separates compartments in the body, and helps isolate infections and tumors.

origin; insertion

Skeletal muscles connect two or more bones at the and .

Active

__ tension: muscle contraction.

Passive

__ tension: resistance to stretch.

Agonist

__: Muscle that most directly creates a particular movement.

Antagonist

__: Muscle that creates the opposite action to the agonist.

Synergists

__: Muscles that cooperate with the agonist to produce a movement.

Stabilizers

__: Muscles that stabilize body parts to allow the agonist to produce movement.

Concentric

__: Muscle shortens as it contracts.

Isometric

__: Muscle contracts, but no movement occurs.

Eccentric

__: Muscle lengthens as it contracts, usually to resist gravity.

All moveable

__ joints need both stability and mobility.

Active

__ range of motion is possible using muscles that directly move a body part.

Passive

__ range of motion is possible when an outside force passively moves a body part.

Hypermobility

__: Excessive joint flexibility; may be due to genetic variations in collagen type.

center of gravity

The higher the _ and smaller the base of support, the less stable an object is

adaptable; stable

The foot needs to be both and .

calcaneus; metatarsal; metatarsal

The (heel bone), head of the first (ball of the big toe), head of the fifth __ (ball of the little toe) are the points of contact in the foot.

medial

The ___ longitudinal arch is a major load-bearing and shock absorbing structure of the foot.

weight

The arch shape is a strong architectural structure that distributes __.

lever

During propulsion, lifting arches “locks” bones of the foot together to create a __.

Dorsiflexion

__ is flexing the foot .

Plantarflexion

__ is pointing the foot.

Inversion

__ is lifting the inside of the foot.

Eversion

__ is lifting the outside of the foot.

Pronation

__ combines eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion.

Supination

__ combines inversion, adduction and plantarflexion.

plantar fascia

The _ is tough fibrous connective tissue in the sole of the foot and the primary support for the medial longitudinal arch.

windlass

Lifting toes activates the __ mechanism; can help sense the feeling of the arches lifting.

Achilles

Soleus and gastrocnemius plantar flex the foot via the __ tendon.

big

Abductor hallucis abducts the __ toe.

little

Abductor digiti minimi abducts the __ toe.

soft tissue

The knee relies more on __ support (ligaments and muscles) for stability than on bony constraints.

Patella (knee cap)

__ is embedded within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle and functions as a pulley.

ligaments

When the knee is extended, the major __ of the knee pulled taut, locking the femur and tibia together and preventing rotation.

"Q" (for quadriceps)

The __ angle is typically larger for women than for men and may affect stance width in standing asanas.

Medial

The __ collateral ligament prevents side bending of the knee, resisting inward forces.

Lateral

The __ collateral ligament prevents side bending of the knee, resisting outward forces.

Anterior cruciate ligament

__ (ACL) is the most commonly ruptured ligament of the knee.

menisci

The __ slide to stay in contact with the femur during knee flexion and extension.

lateralis; medialis; intermedius

The ___, ___ and ___ are the three vastus muscles.

hip; knee

All three hamstrings extend the and flex the .

hamstrings

Bending the knees in a forward bend will relieve the stretch of the __ across the knees, allowing deeper hip flexion.

ball; socket

The hip is a and joint between the femur and the pelvis.

acetabulum

The __ is the hip socket.

nutation; counternutation

Movements of the sacrum are known as and .

ligaments

Major hip __ are pulled taut in hip extension, limiting range of motion.

labrum

The __ collagen "collar" around the hip socket deepens the hip socket and increases hip joint stability.

Femoral anteversion

__: The neck of the femur is angled forward more than 15 degrees, this may limit hip external rotation.

Adductor

The __ Magnus is a group of five muscles on the inner thigh that pull the femur toward the midline with action to adduct and internally rotates the hip, extends the hip (can act as a “fourth hamstring”).

iliopsoas

The __is the major hip flexor muscle group.

Movement

Weight-bearing support for trunk, head, and upper limbs Protection of the spinal cord and __ are functions of the spine.

sacrum

The __ is part of the spine, but not technically part of the pelvis

secondary

We develop the lumbar and cervical curves (called __ curves) as the muscles that support us against gravity become stronger and change the shape of the spine