Behavioral Perspectives ll Exam

Behavior

Any activity of an animal that can be directly or
indirectly observed.

Learning

Relatively permanent change in behavior that
results from experience (with specific stimuli
and responses

Watsons methodological behaviorism

Thoughts and feelings are unobservable
so do not enter into a scientific analysis
- Behaviors must be externally observed.

Phylogenetic behavior

behavior acquired
through species history.

Reflex

is a relationship: ex. stimulus- response

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

The event that elicits behavior.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

The behavior elicite dby an event.

Elicited

means behavior is forced by the environment.

Habituation

Unconditioned stimulus repeatedly elicits unconditioned response, and response declines in magnitude across stimulus presentations.

Ontogenetic behavior

behavior as a result of learning during an individuals life history.

Respondent Conditioning

Transfer of control of behavior from one stimulus to another through the pairing of stimuli.

Neutral Stimulus

innately not relevant , comes to elicit a response through learning.

Conditioned Stimulus

New name for neutral stimulus once it comes to elicit a response.

Conditioned response

Response to CS , after learning.

Acquisition

The magnitude of
the CR increases for
a few presentations
of the CS.

Respondent extinction

repeatedly presenting Conditioned Stimulus in
absence of Unconditioned Stimulus after
pairing.

Operant behavior

behavior that is
modified by its consequences

Operant conditioning

the process by
which behavior is modified by its
consequences

Operant class

group of responses that
result in the same consequence

Reinforcement

the process by which
behavior increases when it is followed by
a particular consequence

Positive reinforcement

Produce new behaviors,

A

Antecedents

B

Behavior

C

Consequences

Poaitive Reinforcement

something is
presented after a behavior, and that behavior presented after a behavior, and that behavior
increases in the future.increases in the future

Negative Reinforcemnet

something is
removed after a behavior, and that
makes the behavior increase in the
future

Positive Punishment

something is
presented after a behavior, and that
makes the behavior decrease in the
future

Negative punishment

something is
removed after a behavior, and that
makes the behavior decrease in the
future

Tangible reinforcement

Handing the child the toy you’re holding, Negative reinforcement for the parent/teacher.

Automatic positive reinforcement

When behaviors produce its own reinforcers

Automatic negative reinforcement

Behavior relieves pain or discomfort.

Topography vs function

The same topography can be maintained by
different factors for different people (or at
different times)
Tantrum: positive reinforcement in the form of attention
for one child...
Negative reinforcement in the form of escape for another

Anthropomorphism

“humanizing the beast”

Behavior analysis-

The “idea that behavior can be treated

scientifically implies that, just as the other sciences cast out hidden

essences, forces, and causes.” (science of behavior is possible.)

Behaviorism

Philosophy of the science of behavior

Comparative psychology-

“emphasized the common origin of all species, including human

beings, in natural selection, and helped to promote purely natural

accounts of human behavior.”

Continuity of species-

the “idea that even if species clearly differ from one another, to the extent

that they share a common evolutionary history, they also resemble one another.”

Determinism

“the notion that behavior is determined

solely by heredity and environment.”

Dualism

The human mind is separate from the human body.

Free will-

“names the supposed ability of a person to choose

behavior freely, without regard to inheritance or environment

Introspection

Understanding the brain, examine and study the effects of behavior.

Objective psychology-

“emphasized observation and experimentation,

the methods that distinguished other sciences.” (behavior & observation.)

Behavioral deficit-

not engaging in desired behaviors. No respondent or operant conditioning.

Not performing ideal behaviors.

Behavioral excess-

high levels of undesired behavior. zEx. Emotional breakdown.

Frequency

of a behavior refers to the number of times the response was observed . Frequency is

an appropriate measure when the behavioral goal involves changing now often the behavior

occurs, and each instance of the target behavior is discreet, that is, has a clear start and end- and

takes about the same amount of time to perform.”

Rate

The number of times a behavior occurs in a specific amount of time.

Duration-

“refers to the length of time each instance of the target behavior lasts from start to

finish.”

Magnitude-

“Its intensity, degree, or size.”

Latency

“The amount of time a person takes to initiate the appropriate response to an

antecedent.”

Quality-

“Improving how well the person performs a target behavior.”

Direct assessment methods-

“observers measure instances of the actual target behavior in a

straight forward manner, usually by seeing or hearing them.”

Indirect assessment methods-

‘Use abstract or roundabout ways t o measure the target

behavior, usually by having the client or others who know him or her well complete interviews,

questionnaires, or rating scales.”

Interobserver agreement (IOA)-

“The degree of consistency of the data independent observers

record when measuring the same events.”

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley’s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

 

conditioned response

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

 

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

You are a big fan of your grandmother’s chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

 

stimulus generalization

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS.

 

Rescorla

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

 

partial

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

 

variable ratio

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

 

operant conditioning

Dave’s boss told him that he doesn’t have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave’s boss is using ________.

 

negative reinforcement

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

 

shaping

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

 

primary