Science Quiz - Evolution

What do members of species compete for?

resources like food, water, habitat, mates, survival from predators

What happens when species overproduce offspring?

resources become more limited, leads to competition and a smaller amount of offspring that will survive

Camoflague definition

patterns or colors that help an organism blend in with their surroundings

Before 19th century in England, air and bark on trees were… and _____ lightened trees’ appearance on tree trunks?

air was clean, bark was light in color. lichens

19th century in England was the time of the ________

Industrial Revolution

industries in England used ____ for energy. air was _____ with ______. this substance coated trees, killed lichens, and did what to their trunks?

coal, polluted with soot, made them darker

What is natural selection?

the process by which favorable traits tend to survive, reproduce, and increase in frequency over time.

What is biological evolution?

The process by which populations of organisms change over time.

Individuals ___ evolve over a lifetime. species _____ evolve over a long time.

do not, do

how could natural selection lead to evolution?

organisms with favorable traits can pass theise traits to their offspring, causing changes to the species over time

what is evolution?

a change in species over time

why were people’s early ideas about change innacurate?

they didn’t know about heredity

who had early ideas about change?

John Baptiste de Lamarck

what is the theory of acquired characteristics? is it correct?

idea that traits that change in a lifetime based on use/disuse will be passed on to offspring. NO!

who had modern ideas about change?

charles darwin

when did charles darwin sail to a place? where did he sail to?

1831, galapagos island (off coast of south america)

who published a book, when? what was it about/what did he develop a theory of?

charles darwin, 1858, theory of natural selection

four components of natural selection

genetic variation, overproduction of offspring, struggle for existence, survival and reproduction

what is genetic variation

different traits controlled by genes

what is struggle for existence

fight for resources

what is overproduction of offspring

more babies than can survive

what is survival and reproduction

organisms with the best traits live and produce more offspring like them

what determines an individual hummingbird’s beak length?

DNA they inherited from the parent’s genes

factors in the environment that might influence beak length and shape in hummingbird populations??

food source (shape/size of flowers)

what is gradualism

small and steady changes over a long time

what is punctuated equilibrium

fast and large changes

what is speciation?

formation of new species

two ways species can occur

geographic isolation, continental drift

what is geographic isolation

the physical separation of species from each other due to geographical barriers (rivers, canyons, mountains, human structures)

what is the continental drift? example?

movement of earth’s continents (pangea), australia’s marsupials

homologous structures are…

similar structures that species inherited from common ancestors.

adaptation

a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

what do branching tree diagrams show?

evolutionary relationship of species, species with more common ancestors are more closely related.

homologous structures can be ____ that are ___ with what?

fossils that are homologous/similar with living species

homologous structures can show…

similarities in early development

embryology

study of early development of an organism

what does comparing embryos show?

developmental and structural similarities

fossils are…

preserved remains or traces of organisms from the past

fossils support the idea that…

species changed over time

what is the DNA like across species?

nearly identical sequences

another name for branching tree?

cladogram