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What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; total energy in the universe remains constant, although it can be converted.
Define enzyme.
Proteins that act as biological catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions.
What is a coenzyme?
An organic molecule that assists enzymes in catalyzing reactions, such as NAD or biotin.
What is the reaction of ATP breakdown?
ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + H+, with a change in free energy, DG = -7.3 kcal/mol.
Define redox reaction.
A reaction involving the transfer of electrons from an electron donor (reduced) to an electron acceptor (oxidized).
What is the role of ATP in metabolism?
Exergonic breakdown of high-energy ATP is coupled with endergonic reactions to make them more favorable.
What does DG represent in chemical reactions?
Change in free energy, representing the amount of energy available to do work.
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Physical and chemical processes proceed in such a way that the entropy of the universe increases.
What is competitive inhibition?
An inhibitor that directly competes with the substrate for the active/catalytic site of an enzyme.
Explain the term feedback inhibition.
Inhibition of one or more critical enzymes in a pathway regulates the entire pathway, where each end product regulates its branch.
What is a holoenzyme?
A functional enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and its cofactor.
What are the three regulating mechanisms of metabolism?
Metabolic channeling, regulation of enzyme production, and control of enzyme's enzymatic activity.
What is activation energy (Ea)?
The energy required to form a transition-state complex in a chemical reaction.
Define an allosteric effector.
A molecule that binds reversibly and noncovalently at a regulatory site and changes the shape of the enzyme, altering its activity.
What are isoenzymes?
Different forms of an enzyme that catalyze the same reaction.
What is the role of electron carriers in cellular metabolism?
They facilitate the transfer of electrons in redox reactions, involved in processes like the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
