Studied by 9 people
Five major population agglomerations
East Asia
South Asia
Europe
Southeast Asia
Eastern part of North America
Ecumene
The portions of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Arithmetic density
People/total land area
aka population density
EX: 84.5/ sq miles OR 85.4 mi^2
Shares a little about population distribution, but doesn’t indicate where in the total area they live
Physiological density
People/arable land
measures the pressure on agriculture land in a country
A small percentage of a region’s land is capable of growing crops
More useful to determine a regions carrying capacity
Agricultural density
Farmer/arable land
measures of relationship between population and resources and the level of a country’s development
Gives indication of the efficency of the regions farmers
Developed countries have a low agricultural population density because the farmers have more tech to produce large amounts of food with low workers
Carrying capacity
the population a region can support without signification environmental deterioration
can change overtime
EX: technological changes in agriculture can increase this
Age structure
Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population
youthful, aging, maturing, and declining
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
in more developed countries there’s more women because they’re expected to live longer
Population pyramid
Age-sex composition graph based on only gender and age data that shows information on birthrates, death relates, how long people live on average, and economic development
can show past events (war, baby booms, baby busts, etc)
Demographic momentum
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution
important because this happens once a country moves to a different stage in the dtm
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per year for each 1000 people
education and healthcare, and contraceptives can cause this to decline
Total fertility rate
the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years
reflects cultural norms
Changes with social, economic, and political roles
Infant mortality rate
The number of children who die before their 1st birthday
one of the most important factors that affects increasing life to drop
Crude death rate
Number of deaths of an area per 1000 population
life expectancy
The average number of years people live
commonly expressed from the time of a person’s birth
Can change with current social, economic and medical conditions
Replacement fertility
the total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner
rate is mostly 2.1 children
Zero population growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
more developed countries are either at or near zero population growth
Doubling time
The time it takes a population to double in size can be estimated using the rule of 70/72
Demographic equation
Future population = Current population + (number of births – number of deaths) + (number of immigrants – number of emigrants)
Used to describe the future population of a region of any scale
Net migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
includes citizens and non citizens
DTM stage 1
High birth rate and death rate, low population growth
EX: no countries today
DTM stage 2
high birth rate, falling death rates (medical revolution)
high population growth
DTM stage 3
moderate growth
declining birth rate (education and healthcare) and a more slowly declining death rate
urbanized and more industrialized families have less children
EX: Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia
DTM STage 4
typically the stationary population pyramid and indicates a population that is not significantly growing or shrinking
steady/low birth rate
low death rate -> high life expectancy
EX: United States, China
DTM Stage 5
negative growth
decreasing birth rate
death rate exceeds birth rates
EX: Japan, Germany
Epidemiological transition model
created by Abdel Omran to explain the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies
Stage 1 - FAmine and Disease
Stage 2 - Receding Pandemics
Stage 3 - Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases
Stage 4 - Delayed Degenerative Diseases
Stage 5 - Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
Thomas Malthus’ theory
\n the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur
people need to exercise “moral restraint”
The poor shouldn’t receive social services
No more public school
Thomas Malthus theory carrying capacity
more humans than available resources
the human population will outgrow the carrying capacity therefore we need to stop population growth
Sustainability
The idea that socially responsible companies will outperform their peers by focusing on the world’s social problems
the saving of resources for future generation to allow them to live at the same or higher standard of living than the population today
Overpopulation
\n the number of people in an area that exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Preventive checks
measures taken by humans to reduce shortages
could be reducing the population through better financial planning and possibly anti-natalist policies
could be reducing waste through better recycling
Positive checks
Events that increase deaths
the effects of war, disease and famine in controlling excess population growth
\n Esther Boserup’s theory of agricultural intensification (a.k.a. “Cornucopian Theory”)
as population would increase, there would be more food production because there would be more pressure on the agricultural system
rejects the idea that population growth is problematic because Earth has finite resources and carrying capacity
Neo- Malthusian theories
argue that population growth is a serious problem and is a greater threat for the future
believe that continued population growth will lead to the depletion of nonrenewable resources such as petroleum and metals, pollution
Anti-natalist policy
\n policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries
Ex: China’s one child policy
Pro-natalist policy
Programs designed to increase the fertility rate
used to keep the economy vibrant
EX: provided pto for mothers, free childcare, and family discounts on governmental services
\n International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) (example to know and cite)
a conference aimed at looking for a beyond solution for slowing population growth that was not family planning
The goals of the ICPD were to advance human rights and individual dignity by improving the quality of life for everyone. They wanted to improve sexual and reproductive health, women’s empowerment, and an end to gender violence and traditional practices. They said that if we invest in women and you, the sustainability and population dynamics will be impacted
Dependency ratio
dependent population/ potential workforce (15-65)
Migration
\n the Permanent or semiPermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Voluntary migration
a movement made by choice
combines a decision to move away from someplace with a decision to move toward someplace else
Immigrant
A person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently
Emigrant
from the perspective of the country the person leaving, they are considered this
Net migration
immigration - emigration
Push factor
\n negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave
EX: political instability, wars, poverty, natural diasaters
Pull factor
\n a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances that migrants are drawn to after they leave their old location
Ex: job opportunities, closer to relatives, better climate, inclusive culture
Source region
Location where an air mass forms
must be a relatively large and uniform area
4 source regions : polar, arctic, equatorial, and tropical
Destination region
\n the area of destination a migrant is trying to reach
Intervening opportunity
a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
EX: a migrant might find a job along the way
Intervening obstacle
\n barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult
\n Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
short Distances: most migrants only travel a short distance (distance decay)
Urban Areas: migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas
Multiple Steps: most migration occurs through step migration (a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
Rural to Urban: Most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas
Counter Migration: each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
EX: while migrants from Mexico came to USA, some retired US citizens migrated to Mexico for weather
Youth: most migrants are younger adults between 20-45
they’re more likely to leave because they don’t have as much to hold onto
Gender Patterns: most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are female
women who live in traditional societies move in with their husbands
Migration selectivity
Age - younger people 18-30 are most likely to move
education - people with a higher education are most likely to make long distance moves
kinship & friends- people will follow family members that have moved to another area for a better life - chain migration helped create cultural neighborhoods
African slave trade
\n largest forced migration in history where 12.5 million Africans were captured, enslaved and forcibly moved from their homes in African to North America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and South America
Forced migration
Slavery and events that produce idp, refugees, and asylum seekers
Voluntary migration
transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban
Refugee
when migrants flee quickly in order to stay alive and cross international border
Asylum seeker
\n political refugees who apply for asylum (protection) when they arrive in their country of destination
Internally displaced person
\n when migrants flee quickly to stay alive and can’t bring many items with them but they only move to another part of the same country
Chain migration
\n When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled
Step migration
Where people make a series of intermediate moves
Transhumance
process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different season
mountainous regions, herders move their animals to higher areas in the summer and lower elevations during the winter
still takes place in Italy, Greece, and Turkey
Nomadism
\n a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water
Guest worker
\n workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern or Eastern Europe or from North America in search of higher-paying jobs
International migration
people move between countries, even close surrounding ones
Internal migration
people move to a different area of the same country
Inter-regional migration
Movement from one region to a different one
Intra-regional migration
Movement within one region
Rural-to-urban migration
\n when people leave villages and small towns every year for opportunities in the cities and more densely settled areas
Remittances
\n money sent to immigrants families and friends in the country they left
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
Brain drain
\n brain drain- when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
Undocumented immigrant
People who enter a country without proper documents
Naturalization
The legal process by which citizens of one country become citizens of another
Visa program
\n an endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time in a country
Note
Flashcard