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Five major population agglomerations
Ecumene
The portions of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Arithmetic density
People/total land area
Physiological density
People/arable land
Agricultural density
Farmer/arable land
Carrying capacity
the population a region can support without signification environmental deterioration
Age structure
Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
Population pyramid
Age-sex composition graph based on only gender and age data that shows information on birthrates, death relates, how long people live on average, and economic development
Demographic momentum
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution
Crude birth rate
The number of live births per year for each 1000 people
Total fertility rate
the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years
Infant mortality rate
The number of children who die before their 1st birthday
Crude death rate
Number of deaths of an area per 1000 population
life expectancy
The average number of years people live
Replacement fertility
the total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner
Zero population growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
Doubling time
The time it takes a population to double in size can be estimated using the rule of 70/72
Demographic equation
Net migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
DTM stage 1
High birth rate and death rate, low population growth
DTM stage 2
DTM stage 3
moderate growth
declining birth rate (education and healthcare) and a more slowly declining death rate
EX: Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia
DTM STage 4
DTM Stage 5
Epidemiological transition model
Thomas Malthus’ theory
\n the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur
Thomas Malthus theory carrying capacity
more humans than available resources
the human population will outgrow the carrying capacity therefore we need to stop population growth
Sustainability
The idea that socially responsible companies will outperform their peers by focusing on the world’s social problems
Overpopulation
\n the number of people in an area that exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Preventive checks
measures taken by humans to reduce shortages
Positive checks
Events that increase deaths
\n Esther Boserup’s theory of agricultural intensification (a.k.a. “Cornucopian Theory”)
Neo- Malthusian theories
Anti-natalist policy
\n policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries
Pro-natalist policy
Programs designed to increase the fertility rate
\n International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) (example to know and cite)
a conference aimed at looking for a beyond solution for slowing population growth that was not family planning
Dependency ratio
Migration
\n the Permanent or semiPermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Voluntary migration
Immigrant
A person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently
Emigrant
Net migration
Push factor
\n negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave
EX: political instability, wars, poverty, natural diasaters
Pull factor
\n a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances that migrants are drawn to after they leave their old location
Ex: job opportunities, closer to relatives, better climate, inclusive culture
Source region
Location where an air mass forms
Destination region
\n the area of destination a migrant is trying to reach
Intervening opportunity
Intervening obstacle
\n barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult
\n Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”
short Distances: most migrants only travel a short distance (distance decay)
Urban Areas: migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas
Multiple Steps: most migration occurs through step migration (a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
Rural to Urban: Most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas
Counter Migration: each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction
Youth: most migrants are younger adults between 20-45
Gender Patterns: most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are female
Migration selectivity
Age - younger people 18-30 are most likely to move
education - people with a higher education are most likely to make long distance moves
kinship & friends- people will follow family members that have moved to another area for a better life - chain migration helped create cultural neighborhoods
African slave trade
\n largest forced migration in history where 12.5 million Africans were captured, enslaved and forcibly moved from their homes in African to North America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and South America
Forced migration
Slavery and events that produce idp, refugees, and asylum seekers
Voluntary migration
Refugee
when migrants flee quickly in order to stay alive and cross international border
Asylum seeker
\n political refugees who apply for asylum (protection) when they arrive in their country of destination
Internally displaced person
\n when migrants flee quickly to stay alive and can’t bring many items with them but they only move to another part of the same country
Chain migration
\n When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled
Step migration
Where people make a series of intermediate moves
Transhumance
Nomadism
\n a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water
Guest worker
\n workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern or Eastern Europe or from North America in search of higher-paying jobs
International migration
people move between countries, even close surrounding ones
Internal migration
people move to a different area of the same country
Inter-regional migration
Movement from one region to a different one
Intra-regional migration
Movement within one region
Rural-to-urban migration
\n when people leave villages and small towns every year for opportunities in the cities and more densely settled areas
Remittances
\n money sent to immigrants families and friends in the country they left
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
Brain drain
\n brain drain- when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
Undocumented immigrant
People who enter a country without proper documents
Naturalization
The legal process by which citizens of one country become citizens of another
Visa program
\n an endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time in a country