AP Human Geo Unit 2 Study Guide

Salzman

Five major population agglomerations

• East Asia
• South Asia
• Europe
• Southeast Asia
• Eastern part of North America

Ecumene

The portions of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Arithmetic density

People/total land area

• aka population density
• EX: 84.5/ sq miles OR 85.4 mi^2
• Shares a little about population distribution, but doesn’t indicate where in the total area they live

Physiological density

People/arable land

• measures the pressure on agriculture land in a country
• A small percentage of a region’s land is capable of growing crops
• More useful to determine a regions carrying capacity

Agricultural density

Farmer/arable land

• measures of relationship between population and resources and the level of a country’s development
• Gives indication of the efficency of the regions farmers
• Developed countries have a low agricultural population density because the farmers have more tech to produce large amounts of food with low workers

Carrying capacity

the population a region can support without signification environmental deterioration

• can change overtime
• EX: technological changes in agriculture can increase this

Age structure

Percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population

• youthful, aging, maturing, and declining

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population

• in more developed countries there’s more women because they’re expected to live longer

Population pyramid

Age-sex composition graph based on only gender and age data that shows information on birthrates, death relates, how long people live on average, and economic development

• can show past events (war, baby booms, baby busts, etc)

Demographic momentum

the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

• important because this happens once a country moves to a different stage in the dtm

Crude birth rate

The number of live births per year for each 1000 people

• education and healthcare, and contraceptives can cause this to decline

Total fertility rate

the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years

• reflects cultural norms
• Changes with social, economic, and political roles

Infant mortality rate

The number of children who die before their 1st birthday

• one of the most important factors that affects increasing life to drop

Crude death rate

Number of deaths of an area per 1000 population

life expectancy

The average number of years people live

• commonly expressed from the time of a person’s birth
• Can change with current social, economic and medical conditions

Replacement fertility

the total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner

• rate is mostly 2.1 children

Zero population growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

• more developed countries are either at or near zero population growth

Doubling time

The time it takes a population to double in size can be estimated using the rule of 70/72

Demographic equation

• Future population = Current population + (number of births – number of deaths) + (number of immigrants – number of emigrants)
• Used to describe the future population of a region of any scale

Net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

• includes citizens and non citizens

DTM stage 1

High birth rate and death rate, low population growth

• EX: no countries today

DTM stage 2

• high birth rate, falling death rates (medical revolution)
• high population growth

DTM stage 3

• moderate growth

• declining birth rate (education and healthcare) and a more slowly declining death rate

  • urbanized and more industrialized families have less children

• EX: Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia

DTM STage 4

• typically the stationary population pyramid and indicates a population that is not significantly growing or shrinking
• steady/low birth rate
• low death rate -> high life expectancy
• EX: United States, China

DTM Stage 5

• negative growth
• decreasing birth rate
• death rate exceeds birth rates 
• EX: Japan, Germany

Epidemiological transition model

• created by Abdel Omran to explain the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies
• Stage 1 - FAmine and Disease
• Stage 2 - Receding Pandemics
• Stage 3 - Degenerative and Human-Created Diseases 
• Stage 4 - Delayed Degenerative Diseases
• Stage 5 - Reemergence of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

Thomas Malthus’ theory

\n the world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur

• people need to exercise “moral restraint”
• The poor shouldn’t receive social services
• No more public school

Thomas Malthus theory carrying capacity

• more humans than available resources

• the human population will outgrow the carrying capacity therefore we need to stop population growth

Sustainability

The idea that socially responsible companies will outperform their peers by focusing on the world’s social problems 

• the saving of resources for future generation to allow them to live at the same or higher standard of living than the population today

Overpopulation

\n the number of people in an area that exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Preventive checks

measures taken by humans to reduce shortages

• could be reducing the population through better financial planning and possibly anti-natalist policies
• could be reducing waste through better recycling

Positive checks

Events that increase deaths

• the effects of war, disease and famine in controlling excess population growth

\n Esther Boserup’s theory of agricultural intensification (a.k.a. “Cornucopian Theory”)

• as population would increase, there would be more food production because there would be more pressure on the agricultural system
• rejects the idea that population growth is problematic because Earth has finite resources and carrying capacity

Neo- Malthusian theories

• argue that population growth is a serious problem and is a greater threat for the future
• believe that continued population growth will lead to the depletion of nonrenewable resources such as petroleum and metals, pollution

Anti-natalist policy

\n policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

• Ex: China’s one child policy

Pro-natalist policy

Programs designed to increase the fertility rate

• used to keep the economy vibrant
• EX: provided pto for mothers, free childcare, and family discounts on governmental services

\n International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) (example to know and cite)

a conference aimed at looking for a beyond solution for slowing population growth that was not family planning

• The goals of the ICPD were to advance human rights and individual dignity by improving the quality of life for everyone. They wanted to improve sexual and reproductive health, women’s empowerment, and an end to gender violence and traditional practices. They said that if we invest in women and you, the sustainability and population dynamics will be impacted

Dependency ratio

• dependent population/ potential workforce (15-65)

Migration

\n the Permanent or semiPermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary migration

• a movement made by choice 
  • combines a decision to move away from someplace with a decision to move toward someplace else

Immigrant

A person who migrates across an international border with the intention of staying permanently

Emigrant

• from the perspective of the country the person leaving, they are considered this

Net migration

• immigration - emigration 

Push factor

\n negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

EX: political instability, wars, poverty, natural diasaters

Pull factor

\n a destination based on its positive conditions and circumstances that migrants are drawn to after they leave their old location

Ex: job opportunities, closer to relatives, better climate, inclusive culture

Source region

Location where an air mass forms

• must be a relatively large and uniform area
  • 4 source regions : polar, arctic, equatorial, and tropical 

Destination region

\n the area of destination a migrant is trying to reach

Intervening opportunity

• a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
• EX: a migrant might find a job along the way

Intervening obstacle

\n barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

\n Ravenstein’s “Laws of Migration”

• short Distances: most migrants only travel a short distance (distance decay)

• Urban Areas: migrants traveling long distances usually settle in large urban areas

• Multiple Steps: most migration occurs through step migration (a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

• Rural to Urban: Most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas

• Counter Migration: each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

  • EX: while migrants from Mexico came to USA, some retired US citizens migrated to Mexico for weather

• Youth: most migrants are younger adults between 20-45

  • they’re more likely to leave because they don’t have as much to hold onto

• Gender Patterns: most international migrants are young males, while more internal migrants are female

  • women who live in traditional societies move in with their husbands

Migration selectivity

• Age - younger people 18-30 are most likely to move

• education - people with a higher education are most likely to make long distance moves

• kinship & friends- people will follow family members that have moved to another area for a better life - chain migration helped create cultural neighborhoods

African slave trade

\n largest forced migration in history where 12.5 million Africans were captured, enslaved and forcibly moved from their homes in African to North America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and South America

Forced migration

Slavery and events that produce idp, refugees, and asylum seekers

Voluntary migration

• transnational, transhumance, internal, chain, step, guest worker, and rural-to-urban

Refugee

when migrants flee quickly in order to stay alive and cross international border

Asylum seeker

\n political refugees who apply for asylum (protection) when they arrive in their country of destination

Internally displaced person

\n when migrants flee quickly to stay alive and can’t bring many items with them but they only move to another part of the same country

Chain migration

\n When people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled 

Step migration

Where people make a series of intermediate moves

Transhumance

• process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different season
• mountainous regions, herders move their animals to higher areas in the summer and lower elevations during the winter
• still takes place in Italy, Greece, and Turkey

Nomadism

\n a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water

Guest worker

\n workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern or Eastern Europe or from North America in search of higher-paying jobs

International migration

people move between countries, even close surrounding ones

Internal migration

people move to a different area of the same country

Inter-regional migration

Movement from one region to a different one

Intra-regional migration

Movement within one region

Rural-to-urban migration

\n when people leave villages and small towns every year for opportunities in the cities and more densely settled areas

Remittances

\n money sent to immigrants families and friends in the country they left 

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

Brain drain

\n brain drain- when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Undocumented immigrant

People who enter a country without proper documents

Naturalization

The legal process by which citizens of one country become citizens of another

Visa program

\n an endorsement on a passport indicating that the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of time in a country