Wills Final study Guide

Observation

a piece of information we gather using our senses; it may prompt us to ask a question

Hypothesis

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Expiriment

a procedure to test a hypothesis under controlled conditions.

Analyzing Data

recording and organizing data in a way that you can see patterns.

Draw a conclusion

Answering the initial question or observation with supporting data/results.

Communicating Results

publish results to share with the scientific community.

Dependent & Independent variables (what's the difference)

A controlled experiment tests ONE (independent) factor at a time. All other factors or conditions are controlled (control factors). The result or effect is called the dependent factor because it occurs or depends on the cause (independent factor).

Control & Experimental group (what's the difference)

A controlled experiment should test two groups or situations: experimental group- receives the experimental treatment (independent factor or cause); control group- does NOT receive experimental treatment.

What's a line graph used for?

Used to show change over time or scientific data such as amounts in a laboratory activity

What is a pie graph used for?

Used to show parts of a whole; usually used with precents

Bar Graph

Used to show how quantities varies across categories; relative heights of the bars show how the quantity varies

Temperature

A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.

Density

Mass per unit volume of a substance.

Length

measurement from end to end

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

Density, Mass, & Volume Triangle

•M = D x V V = M / D D = V / M

Centi

hundredth

Deci

one tenth

Milli

one thousandth

Accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

Precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Qualitative

Data in the form of words

Physical Changes

Any change that DOES NOT alter the chemical composition of a substance.

Chemical Changes

A change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances.

Macroscopic

visible to the naked eye

Microscopic

too small to be seen except under a microscope

Kinetic Molecular Theory

the theory that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules) moving constantly in random directions

Three states of matter

solids, liquids, and gases

Three states of matter in order of speed (Fastest —> Slowest)

Gas —> Liquid —> Solid

Examples of physical changes

Melting butter, tearing paper, crushing a can, freezing water, dissolving koolaid, cutting your hair.

Example of chemical changes

burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change

How to get a percent

part/whole x 100

What's a compound

two or more elements combined together (bonded)

Three characteristics of a chemical compound

Elements in a specific ratio Has a chemical formula Made of elements in a specific ratio

What's a mixture

Combination of 2 or more pure substances that are NOT bonded together

What subatomic particles are responsible for an atom's mass?

Protons (+) & Neutrons

What subatomic particle is responsible for the charge of an atom/ion?

Electrons (-)

How do you determine an atom's mass number?

Mass (#) = (#) protons + (#) neutrons

How do you find the number of protons and neutrons to make the atomic number?

Atomic mass (round up or down) - Atomic number (is the # of Protons) = Amount of Neutrons

Is mass (#) and atomic (#) the same?

No! Mass number is for one specific atom, where as the atomic mass is an average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes.

What is the smallest part of an element that retains all properties of that element?

proton (+)

What is a chemical bond?

a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together

What is a valence electron?

located on the otter shell of the electrons

Why do atoms bond?

To become more stable

What is electronegativity?

ability of an atom to attract electrons

When an atom GAINS an electron, it carries a ___ charge and creates a(n) __.

negative, anion

68. When an atom LOSES an electron, it carries a ___ charge and creates a(n) __.

proton, cation

Ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Type of bonds from WEAKEST to STRONGEST

Single, Double, Triple

Type of bond from LONGEST to SHORTEST

Single, Double, Triple

In a single covalent bond, how many pairs of electrons are present?

One pair of electrons

What is a chemical reaction/ what is a chemical equation

A reaction is where two or more substances change their identities by breaking or making new bonds creating new substances. An equation shows the chemical formula's for those substances explaining what happened in the reaction.

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances

single replacement reaction

a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound

double replacement reaction

two compounds switch their metallic elements

Photo Hydrogen

measures how acidic a substance is

Zenith

90° above your head

Altitude

height above sea level

Azimuth

degrees from true north

Ecliptic

a great circle on the celestial sphere representing the sun's apparent path during the year, so called because lunar and solar eclipses can occur only when the moon crosses it.

Nebular Hypothesis

A theory that states that all of the planets were created on the same spinning plane. All massive planets (rocky planets) are closer to center (the sun) and all of the less massive planets (gas giants) are further from the sun

Planet with 80 moons

Jupiter

Fastest Planet

Mercury

Planet with the tallest volcano

Mars

Temperature of this planet can melt lead

Venus

What color is Bernard's Star

Red

What does the color of star mean?

their surface temperature

Hottest part of a star is?

Core

How long does it take to do the entire lunar cycle?

1 month

Weather

the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.

Climate

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is?

Nitrogen

Which two gasses are most responsible for the temperature of Earth's atmosphere

CO2 & Water Vapor

The atmosphere circulates because?

earth is unevenly heated by the sun

What's a greenhouse gas?

A greenhouse gas is a gas that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming—for example, carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O).

Nimbus

violent rain

Cumulus

Fluffy, white clouds, usually with flat bottoms, that look like rounded piles of cotton.

Alto

Middle

Stratus

layer

Cirrus

wispy, feathery clouds

Who is Alfred Wegener and what did he hypothesize?

Discover theory of continental drift - Said that all continents were once together in Pangaea.

What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis?

Evidence from landforms, fossils, and climates

Volcanoes are found at what boundaries?

Convergent & Divergent

What is the weaker, hotter zone beneath the lithosphere what allows for the motion of Earth's tectonic plates?

Asthenosphere

Where do most earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building occur?

plate boundaries

Complex mountain ranges like the Himalayas are caused by what type of plate boundary?

C-C convergent

109. Which of the plate boundaries involves subduction?

O-C Convergent

Where is new crust created?

mid-ocean ridges

Define subduction

the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate. (due to density)

List and describe the three (3) types of convergent boundaries. What happens as a result of each?

C-0 - trenches C-C - mountains O-O - volcanoes

What is a divergent boundary? What usually happens as a result of them?

Two plates move apart

What is a transform boundary? What usually happens as a result of them?

Two plates slide past one another

What is a fault?

A break in the earth's crust

What are the three types of faults?

normal, reverse, strike-slip

Focus & Epicenter

Focus = earthquake point on surface Epicenter = earthquake point below surface

What is the difference between P and S waves? How did scientists use them to determine that the outer core was liquid?

P waves faster -travls through anything