EDUC 350 Exam 2 Study

In economic terms, what is opportunity cost?

The value of the next best alternative given up when making a choice

What is the primary function of a stock market?

To provide a place where investors can buy and sell shares of a company

Which sociological perspective focuses on how societal structures maintain stability?

Functionalism

What is Group Think?

A phenomenon where group members prioritize consensus over critical thinking

Which research method involves collecting firsthand, in-depth data on a culture or society?

Ethnographic fieldwork

What was the geography of ancient Egypt?

Nile River Valley, Fertile Floodplains, deserts for protection, Mediterranean and Red Sea 

What was the geography of Nubia Kush?

South of Egypt along the Nile (Modern Sudan), Fertile valleys, deserts, gold, and iron resources

What is the economy of Ancient Egypt like?

Agriculture (Wheat, barely, Flax) ; gold mining, papyrus trade, taxation systems, labor for monuments

What was the economy of Nubia Kush like?

Mining (gold, iron) trade of ivory, slaves, and skins; controlled Nile trade routes

What was the religion of Ancient Egypt?

Polytheistic: Ra (sun), Osiris (afterlife), Isis (motherhood), Ambis (mummification) strong belief in afterlife.

What is the religion of Nubia Kush?

Polytheistic: Worshipped Egyptian Gods (Amum, Isis) And local lion-god Apedemak

What were common myths of Ancient Egypt based on?

Osiris and Isis (death and resurrection). Ra’s Daily journey across the sky; weighing of the heart in Afterlife

What were the myths of Nubia Kush based on?

Apedemak myth emphasizing warrior power, adapted Egyptian afterlife beliefs

Common Ancient Egypt Cities?

Memphis, Thebes, Griza, Alexandria

Popular Nubia Kush Cities?

Napatra , Meroe

Ancient Egypt Legacies?

Pyramids, Hieroglyphics, mummification, medical and mathematical advances, centralized monarchy.

Nubia/Kush Legacies?

Ironworking hub, strong queens (Kandakes), blend of Egyptian and African Culture

Example of a Greek/Roman civilization?

North Africa, Egypt

Example of a European civilization?

West Africa, Coastal East Africa

What was introduced by the Greeks and Romans?

Roads, cities, governance, engineering, Mediterranean culture

What was introduced by the Europeans?

Guns, Christianity, maritime trade systems

What was the effect of the Greeks and Romans on Africa?

They spread Greco-Roman culture, integrated North Africa into Mediterranean economy

What was the effect of Europeans (Portuguese and others) on Africa?

They shifted power to coastal kingdoms, expanded Atlantic trade, began slave trade

What was the main cause of the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

To prevent European interferences in the Western Hemisphere

The Treaty of Versailles (1919( primarily aimed to what?

Punish Germany for its role in WW1

What period/culture was in Middle America (Sites like Tlapacoya, Tepexpan in Central Mexico?

Paleo-Indian Period

What were key features of the Paleo-Indian Period?

Nomadic hunter- gatherers; hunted megafauna (mammoths, mastodons, sloths); used Clovis/Folsom points; small bands; early plant use (squash, beans, maize

What was the time period of the Paleo-Indian Period?

Before 8000 BC

What was the time period of cultural achievements (End of Preclassic)

By 250 AD

What time period was all across Middle America?

End of preclassic

What were key features/Achievements of the end of Preclassic (Cultural Achievements)

Maize-based agriculture; pyramid and platform mounds; astronomy and calendrical systems; jade, obsidian, pottery, monumental sculpture; wide trade networks

What Native North American culture/Group was at the time period of 500 BC - 100 AD?

Adena Culture

What Native North American culture/Group was at the time period of 200 BC - 500 AD?

Hopewell Culture

What Native North American culture/Group was located on the Ohio River Valley?

Adena Culture

What Native North American culture/Group was located in Illinois and Ohio River Valleys?

Hopewell Culture

What were key features of the Native North American Adena Culture?

Hunter, gatherers, and farmers; built burial and effigy mounds

What were key features of the Native North American Hopewell Culture?

Hierarchical surphus-controlled, earthworks, elaborate burials, wide trade networks

What European Explorer made 4 voyages across the Atlantic under Spain (1492-1504), opened sustained European contact with the Americans, and paved the way for Spain’s empire in the New World?

Christopher Columbus (Italy/Spain) (1451-1506)

Who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1522), proved the Earth could be circled by sea, and died in the Philippines, but his fleet completed his journey?

Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal/Spain) ( 1480-1521)

What were the social results of European Exploration in the Americas?

Devastation of indigenous populations by disease, war, and forced labor. Rise of mixed populations (mestizos, mulattos). Expansion of African slavery in the Americas

What were the environmental results of European Exploration in the Americas?

Introduction of horses, cattle, pigs that transformed Native life. New Crops (potatos, maize, tomatoes, cacao) reshaped global diets

Geography of Ancient Egypt?

Nile River Valley, Fertile Floodplains, surrounded by deserts, Mediterranean and Red Sea Access

Geography of Nubia/Kush?

South of Egypt, Nile River Valley in Sudan, rich in gold, ivory, ebony, and iron ore

Economy of Ancient Egypt?

Agriculture, trade in Papyrus, gold, linen; taxation systems, labor for monuments.

What type of agriculture did Ancient Egypt’s Economy thrive on?

Wheat, barley, Flax

Ancient Egypt religion?

Polytheistic; major Gods were Ra (Sun), Osiris (afterlife), Isis (mother hood), and Anubis (mummification), strong focus on afterlife and immortality

Ra was god of what?

the sun

Osiris was God of wha?

Afterlife

Isis was God of what?

Motherhood

Anubis was god of what?

mummification

Ancient Egypt myths?

Osiris and Isis story (death, resurrection, and eternal life); Ra’s daily journey across the sky; weighing of the heart in the afterlife

Ancient Egypt cities?

Memphis, Thebes, Giza, Alexandria

Legacies of Ancient Egypt?

Pyramids, hieroglyphics, medical texts, mathematics, centralized monarchy

Nubia/ Kush economy ?

mining (gold, iron); trade of ivory, slaves, and animal skins; control of Nile trade routes

Nubia/ Kush religion?

Polytheistic; worshiped both Egyptian gods (Amun, Isis) and local deities

Nubia/Kush cities?

Napata, Meroe

Nubia/ Kush legacies?

ironworking hub, strong queens (Kandakes), blending of Egyptian and African traditions

What was the land of Nubia/Kush rich in?

gold, ivory, ebony, and iron ore

What did Nubia/Kush trade a lot of?

Ivory, slaves, and animal skins

Nubia/ Kush Egyptian Gods?

Amun, Isis

Nubia/Kush local dieties?

Lion-God Apedemak

What did Ancient Egypt trade?

papyrus, gold, linen

Who influenced North Africa and Egypt by introducing roads, cities, a governance system, engineering and a Mediterranean culture to these areas?

The Greeks and Romans

Who influenced East Africa (Swahili Coast, Aksum) by introducing guns, Christianity, maritime trade systems which shifted power to coastal kingdoms and beginning the slave trade?

Europeans (Portuguese and others)

What part of Africa did the Greeks and Romans influence?

North Africa and Egypt

What part of Africa did Europeans (Portuguese and others) influence?

East Africa ( Swahili Coast, Aksum)

Who introduced roads, cities, a governance system, engineering and a Med. Culture?

Greeks and Romans

Who introduced guns, Christianity, maritime trade systems,?

Europeans (Portuguese)

When was the Paleo-Indian Period of Middle American Prehistory?

about 20,000 years ago

Location of Paleo-Indian Period?

Middle America (Tlapacoya and Tepexpan in Central Mexico)

Key Features and achievements of Paleo-Indian Period?

Nomadic hunter-gatherers, hunted megafauna, used stone tools, lived in small bands and frequently moved to follow seasonal food sources, and early plant use(squash, beans, maize)

What are megafauna?

mammoths, mastodons, sloths

What stone tools did the Paleo Indian period use?

Clovis and Folsom Points

What was a cultural achievement of middle American prehistory?

Maize-based agriculture that supported dense populations, religious architecture such as pyramids and platform mounds; astronomy and calendrical system, including early forms of a calendar, artistic traditions involving jade, obsidian, pottery, and monumental sculpture; trade networks stretching form Central Mexico to Central America and beyond

What supported dense populations in Middle America?

Maize based agriculture

What were religious architecture of Middle America?

pyramids, platforms mounds

What were artistic traditions of middle america?

jade, obsidian, pottery, and monumental scripture

Adena culture time period?

500 BC - 100 AD

Adena culture location?

Ohio River Valley (Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, West Virginia)

What was the society like in Adena Culture?

They lived in small villages

Key features/Achievements of Adena Culture?

Hunters; gatherers; farmers who cultivated squash, sunflowers, and other native plants; built conical burial mounds containing grave goods like potter, tools, and jewelry which suggest elaborate burial practices and a belief in an afterlife

Legacy of Adena Culture?

The Adena laid the foundation for later mound building cultures; influencing the Hopewell

Where is the Ohio River Valley (Adena Culture)?

Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, West Virginia

What did the farmers of the Adena Culture cultivate?

Squash, sunflowers, and other native plants

What did grave good include (Adena)?

pottery, tools, and jewelry

Who influenced the Hopewell Culture?

Adena Culture

Hopewell Culture time period?

200 BC - 500 AD

Hopewell Culture geography?

Illinois and Ohio River valley

Hopewell Culture society,

More complex than the Adena, with larger villages and long-distance trade networks

Hopewell Culture key features/achievements?

constructed large geometric earthworks and ceremonial centers (some in shape of animals); Master craftsmen who worked with Copper, mica, obsidian, shells, and precious stones; established an extensive trade route which stretched from the Rocky mountains to the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes; mounds used for burials, rituals, and possibly astronomical observations

Hopewell Culture legacy?

Their Earthworks remain as some of the most impressive prehistoric monuments in North America

Example of a geometric earthwork and ceremonial center? )Hopo

The Famous Serpent Mound in Ohio (shaped like an animal)

What did master craftsmen work with (Hopewell)

copper, mica, obsidian, shells, and precious stones

What were mounds used for (Hopewell)?

burials, rituals, and astronomical observations

Social results of European exploration in the Americas?

Devastation of indigenous population by war, forced labor, and disease (smallpox, measles, influenza reduced some communities by up to 90); Rise of mixed populations (Mestizos, mulattos); expansion of African Slavery in the Americas through the Atlantic slave trade

Environmental results of European Exploration in the Americas?

Introduction of new animals (horses, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep); new crops such as wheat, sugarcane, rice, coffee, tomatoes, potatoes, maize and cacao reshaped global diets; spread of invasive species such as weeds; rats came with European ships, European honeybees spread rapidly. altering pollination patters; Overhunting by Europeans reduced animal population ,especially beaves (for fur trades) and deer

What diseases were brought by Europeans( reducing some communities by 90%)?

smallpox, measles, influenzas)

Where was the expansion of African slavery?

Through the Atlantic slave trade

What caused the devastation of indigenous populations?

war, forced labor, disease

What new animals did Europeans bring to America?

horses, cattle, pigs, goats and sheep