SUSTAINT MOD 3: socio-culture

janus-faced phenomenon

tourism according to Sanchez and Adams (2008)

tourism

has the potential to change societies for better or worse

conflict or cultural clash

interaction btwn tourists and residents has the potential to create ________

McKercher 1993 in Brunt and Courtney 1999

Conflicts sometimes arise due to mismatch of expectations between tourists and residents

Frederick 1992; Coccossis 2004; Wall and Mathieson 2006 and Matarrita-Cascante 2009)

Tourism is a catalyst for change, which generates a series of impacts especially in host communities (?)

Deery, Jago, and Fredline (2012)

According to _________, it is important that government understands the social impacts of tourism

Deery, Jago, and Fredline (2012)

they say that since residents are a fundamental part of the tourism "product," their attitudes and behavior have a considerable effect on the success or failure of destination

attitudes and behavior

since residents are a fundamental part of the tourism "product," their _______ have a considerable effect on the success or failure of destination

2009 Framework for Cultural Statistics — UNESCO (2001)

culture — the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, that encompasses, not only art and literature, but lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs

culture

the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, that encompasses, not only art and literature, but lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs

UNESCO 2009

Culture has potential impacts on the economic and social development of countries

cultural assets

______ can support sustainable local development through their economic impact as cultural industries and their contribution to social and cultural revitalization

cultural industries

_________ are predominantly made up of small or family-run businesses that are well-suited for local development. Second, culture offers opportunities for various sectors to participate in activities that contribute to gender equality, self-esteem, and social awareness

UNESCO 1995

Policies could be formulated to preserve traditional practices and address the needs of disadvantaged groups such as women and indigenous peoples

1. cultural and natural heritage;

2. performance and celebration;

3. visual arts and crafts;

4. books and press;

5. audio-visual and interactive media; and

6. design and creative services

6 domains of UNESCO FCS tangible cultural heritage

cultural and natural heritage

artifacts, monuments, and groups of buildings and sites that have symbolic, historic, artistic, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological, scientific, and social significance

cultural landscapes

have combined natural and human works and express a long and intimate relationship between people and their natural environment (example: cordillera rice terraces)

UNESCO (2007)

cultural landscapes have combined natural and human works and express a long and intimate relationship between people and their natural environment (example: cordillera rice terraces)

natural heritage

geological and physiographical formations and designated areas that constitute the habitat of threatened animals and plant species and sites that have values for science, conservation, or natural beauty. It includes nature parks and reserves, zoos, aquaria, and botanical gardens (UNESCO 1972)

UNESCO 1972

who said

Natural heritage: geological and physiographical formations and designated areas that constitute the habitat of threatened animals and plant species and sites that have values for science, conservation, or natural beauty. It includes nature parks and reserves, zoos, aquaria, and botanical gardens

performances and celebrations

all expressions of live cultural events, such as theater, dance, opera and puppetry, festivals, feasts, fairs, and musical performances; compositions, recordings, digital music, including downloads and uploads, and musical instruments

visual arts

paintings, drawings, sculpture, crafts and photography, as well as art galleries

Crafts or artisanal products

have utilitarian, aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional, traditional, religiously, and socially symbolic and significance (UNESCO-ITC 1997)

UNESCO-ITC 1997

who said

Crafts or artisanal products which have utilitarian, aesthetic, artistic, creative, culturally attached, decorative, functional, traditional, religiously, and socially symbolic and significance

UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO 2003)

__________ defines intangible cultural heritage (ICH) as the "practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces associated therewith-that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognized as part of their cultural heritage" (Art. 2)

intangible cultural heritage

"practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts, and cultural spaces associated therewith-that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognized as part of their cultural heritage" (Art. 2)

intangible cultural heritage

traditional and living at the same time

intangible cultural heritage

"transmitted from generation to generation" and "constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature, and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity"

heritage

unique feature of ICH is that it can only be defined as such when a community recognizes it as part of its _____

cultural domain

Intangible heritage manifests itself across all ________

cultural tourism, spiritual tourism, and eco-tourism activities

FCS identifies tourism with cultural dimensions as __________

cultural tourism

FCS: "customized excursions into other cultures and places to learn about their people, lifestyle, heritage, and arts in an informed way that genuinely represents their values and historical context including the experiencing of the difference"

Steinberg 2001

cultural tourism according to FCS: "customized excursions into other cultures and places to learn about their people, lifestyle, heritage, and arts in an informed way that genuinely represents their values and historical context including the experiencing of the difference"

recreation

an activity undertaken for pleasure or relaxation that diverts, amuses, or stimulates (UNESCO 2009). It includes gambling, amusement, and theme parks.

UNESCO 2009

Recreation is defined as an activity undertaken for pleasure or relaxation that diverts, amuses, or stimulates (______). It includes gambling, amusement, and theme parks.

gaming

Gambling is also known as ______ in the tourism circle

gambling

consists of units engaged mainly in providing gambling services such as casinos, bookmaker betting facilities on racetracks, bingo halls, video gaming terminals, lottery agencies, and off-track betting agencies

UNESCO FCS

gambling is considered as a related domain under the _______

1. creation

2. production

3. dissemination

4. exhibition/reception/transmission

5. consumption/participation

stages of cultural cycle

creation

the originating and authoring of ideas and content (e.g., tour guides' interpretation of cultural sites)

production

the reproducible cultural forms (e.g., festivals), as well as the specialist tools, infrastructure, and processes used in their realization (e.g., the design of floats)

dissemination

bringing of generally mass-produced cultural products to consumers and exhibitors (e.g., promotion of cultural destinations and festivals)

UNESCO (2009)

______ noted that digital modes, like social media, can bring cultural products directly from the creator to the consumer

Exhibition/Reception/Transmission

refers to the place of consumption and to the provision of live and/or unmediated cultural experiences to audiences by granting or selling access to consume/participate in time-based cultural activities (e.g., festival organization and production, opera houses, theaters, museums)

transmission

relates to the transfer of knowledge and skills that may not involve any commercial transaction and which often occurs in informal settings

UNESCO 2009

transmission includes the transmitting of intangible cultural heritage from generation to generation

consumption/participation

the activities of audiences and participants in consuming cultural products and taking part in cultural activities and experiences (e.g., participating in festivals, visiting galleries)

culture

diffused across countries by tourists who act as agents of cultural change

international tourism

brings in new foods, technologies, fashion, sports, entertainment, language, religion, and many other aspects of our daily lives

Higgins-Desbiolles (2006)

_____ asserted that tourism should be seen in terms of its power as a social force

Cohen and Kennedy 2000, 212 for the latter point: WTO 1999 for the former point cited in Higgins-Desbiolles 2006

Tourism possesses a "transformative capacity to improve individual well-being, foster cross-cultural understanding, facilitate learning contribute to cultural protection, supplement development, foster environmental protection, promote peace, and foment global consciousness which contributes to the formation of global society" (______, 212 for the latter point: ______ for the former point cited in _______)

Faulkner and Tideswell 1997; Deery et al. 2012

tourism offers emotional well-being, educational opportunities, renaissance and transmission of traditional cultural elements, cultural pride (_________), and sense of identity

Kim et al. 2013

Cultural exchange between residents and tourists is considered as valuable by residents (________)

Chen 2000 in Kim et al. 2013

Tourism also helps keep culture alive by preserving traditional art forms, maintaining cultural identity, and transmitting beliefs and rituals to the next generation (______)

Var and Kim (1989)

_________ noted that tourism helps revitalize traditional arts and crafts.

Teye et al. 2002

Tourism also promotes understanding through cultural exchange and friendships between residents and tourists (______)

Grand Tour era in England

During the ______, travel served as conduits for transporting knowledge about other countries

Ryan 2003

shared watercolor paintings functioned like present-day cameras (______)

UNESCO

According to the _____, tourism is a key part of the process of building mutual understanding and awareness of culture

Cruz 2009

Travel can make us see what is good and bad in every country, including our own (____)

Li 2003; Prentice 2003 in Matarrita-Cascante 2009

Tourism heightens self-awareness as it makes both residents and tourists more conscious of their cultural values, practices, and heritages (__________)

Liu 2003

Tourism also promotes exchange of ideas leading to economic and social progress (_____)

quality of life

Tourism helps improve the ______ in destinations when services are provided or improved (Matarrita-Cascante 2009; Deery 2012; Faulkner and Tideswell 1997)

Matarrita-Cascante 2009; Deery 2012; Faulkner and Tideswell 1997

Tourism helps improve the quality of life in destinations when services are provided or improved (________)

Deery et al. 2012; Akyeampong 2011

Improvement in community life could be brought about by the provision of further education, potable drinking water, sports facilities, cellular phone network, electricity, infrastructure, entertainment, and shopping facilities, among others (_________)

Takahashi et al. (2000)

they found that money earned by boatmen in Pagsanjan, Laguna in the 1990s was enough to buy their own land and construct a new house, using more durable materials such as concrete walling and galvanized iron roof

formerly disenfranchised stakeholders

Tourism can empower _______ such as the poor, women, and indigenous people

acculturation, commodification, and homogenization

tourism can also cause native cultures to wither and die through ________

Matarrita Cascante 2009

It has been observed that tourism sometimes leads to the loss of unique cultural practices, including folkloric dances, local festivities, traditional foods, music, and dances (________)

Matarrita-Cascante 2009

Tourism-induced migration, whether seasonal, temporal, or permanent, can alter local institutions, social structures, and traditional practices (Matarrita-Cascante 2009)

Commodification or commercialization

_________ (Burns and Holden 1995 in Brunt and Courtney 1999) is the process where cultural elements are presented for the mass consumption of tourists

Burns and Holden 1995 in Brunt and Courtney 1999

Commodification or commercialization (_______) is the process where cultural elements are presented for the mass consumption of tourists

Nash 1989 in Robinson and Picard 2006

outsiders take the liberty of choosing which part of local culture to showcase, based on their biases, understanding, and aesthetic sense (________)

Sharpley 1994 in Brunt and Courtney 1999

Religion is one aspect of culture that easily gets "commoditized" (_______)

Teye et al. 2002; Brunt and Courtney 1999; Tosun 2002 in Andereck et al. 2005

presence of outsiders has been linked to increased incidence of prostitution, crime, drug abuse, and alcoholism (_________)

Gössling et al. 2004

Poor countries tend to attract many sx tourists who take advantage of the desperate situation of local people (______)

Ryan 2003

A concomitant effect of prostitution during the Grand Tour era was the spread of venereal diseases (_____)

Swarbrooke 1999

Several cities have earned the unenviable title as sx tourist destinations (_______)

Matarrita-Cascante 2009

Migrants to tourist destinations are targets of ill feelings by residents because they take away jobs from locals (_______)

Matarrita-Cascante 2009

The outcome of social divisions is a stronger polarization among the social classes (___________)

Swarbrooke 1999

migrants pulled by the lure of tourism lights but possess no qualifications could end up in poverty (________)

displacement

Outside investors buy prime property from the locals; locals, sometimes, must relocate because they sold their land to investors

Sawkar et al. 1998

displacement at beachfront resorts forces fishermen to switch to jobs available at the resorts (______)

Cruz 2009

others who cannot adapt to the new situation of displacement may just opt to go somewhere else where they could practice their original occupations (______)

Mcintosh 1995 in Brunt and Courtney 1999

Resentment may be engendered because of economic gap (________)

Truong et al. 2013

some indigenous people feel impoverished when they are displaced from their ancestral lands and relocated, such as due to tourism development (________)

inconvenience and stress

Tourism creates _________ due to crowding and congestion

Deery et al. 2012

When tourists come in droves, the result is longer queues and waiting times, loss of access to public areas, traffic congestion, and competition for parking spaces (______)

Hein 2015

Many tour operators fund humanitarian projects and schools as part of their corporate social responsibility (______)

cyclical dependency

Communities throughout the Third World tend to rely on tours for income generation and development, which creates ______ on foreign cash flow and mobilization

Ap 1992

Whether tourism produces positive or negative outcomes is determined by a host of factors

- balance between people's perceived benefits and costs (_____)

Butler 1980; Doxey 1975

Whether tourism produces positive or negative outcomes is determined by a host of factors

• stage in the tourism product life cycle (Butler 1980; Doxey 1975)

Faulkner and Tideswell 1997

Whether tourism produces positive or negative outcomes is determined by a host of factors

• social carrying capacity (_________)

Tourism-realized communities

________ are ambivalent toward tourism development; they enjoy benefits but fear becoming tourism-saturated

Tourism-hungry communities

__________ (low level of tourism development) desire to become tourism-realized, indicating a high perceived importance of tourism, high desire for future development, and low negative perception

Eric Cohen (1972)

______ divided tourists into institutionalized tourists and non-institutionalized tourists

Institutionalized tourists

________ are the mass, package tourists. They experience the least cultural immersion because of the time and space limitations inherent in most package tours

non-institutional travelers

_________ are the drifters and explorers, who tend to stay longer, and are open to adventure. They eat local food, sleep in traditional dwellings, buy from the local market, and discover less-known places