neurological disorders

neurophysiology of stroke

Disruption in blood flow (e.g. middle cerebral artery), leads to cell death due to lack of oxygen and glucose

neuropathology of stroke

ischaemic (clot) or haemorrhagic (bleed); causes focal brain damage depending on which artery is affected.The two main types of stroke are ischemic, caused by a clot, and hemorrhagic, caused by bleeding. Each type results in specific areas of brain damage based on the affected cerebral artery.

neuropathology of parkinsons

Decreased dopamine causes motor symptoms due to basal ganglia dysfunction

neurphysiology of parkinsons

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.This degeneration disrupts the normal balance of neurotransmitters, leading to motor control issues and other cognitive symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease.

Neurophysiology of MS

Nerves are covered in myelin which helps fast, smooth signal transmission.

neuropathology in MS

Immune system attacks myelin sheath in the CNS → signal disruption → fatigue, weakness, vision issues.

Neurophysiology of TBI

• Brain cells communicate via networks (neurons and synapses).

Neuropathology of tbi

Brain is damaged (e.g., axonal shearing, bruising, swelling) → disrupted connections → issues with memory, behaviour, motor skills.

neurphysiology spinal cord injuyry

Spinal cord transmits messages between brain and body.

neuropathology spinal cord injury

Trauma damages spinal neurons → blocked motor/sensory signals → paralysis or weakness below injury level.

neurophysiology of dementia

Neurons process, store, and recall information using networks (especially hippocampus for memory).

neuropathology of dementia

• Neurons die due to plaques and tangles → brain shrinkage → memory loss, confusion, language problems.

cerebral palsy neuropathology

Non-progressive brain injury or malformation during early development.

cerebral palsy neurophysiology

Damage to motor control centres (e.g. cortex, basal ganglia).