midterm

what kind of statements are involved when making predictions

“if..then” statements

Positive correlation

\________: when one variable increases, so does the other.

Pseudoscience

\________: scientific- sounding claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientfic studies.

Visual displays

\________ help us understand phenomena.

Statistics

\________ can also help us identify relationships (or lack thereof) between variables.

Replication

\________: process of repeating a study.

homeostasis

Characteristics of all living things: organism of one or more cells, uses energy to perform work, responds to external stimuli and environment, \________, capable of growth and developing and repoduction, capable of evolving and adapting over time.

Null hypothesis

\________: a negative statement proposing that no relationship exists between two factors.

Variables

\________: characteristics of an experiment that are subject to change.

Independent variable

\________: some measurable entity that is available at the start of a processs and whose value can be changed as required.

Science

\________ is an important pathway in the discovery and better understanding of the world we live.

Statistical analyses

\________ help us organize and summarize observations and experimental evidence.

Biology

\________ is the study of life.

Technology

\________ is not science, it is the application of research.

Value judgements

\________ and subjective info falls outside the realm of science.

Treatmeants

\________: any experimental condition applied to individuals (does not have to be animal)

Correlation

\________ does not equal causation.

Control variables

\________: minimizing any differences between control group and experimental group other than the treatment itself; the things you consciously kept the same.

Anectoal observations

\________: based on only one or a few observations, people conclude that there is or is not a link between two things.

Placebo effect

\________: this is the phenomenon in which people respond favorably to any treatment.

Double blind

\________ experimental design: neither the experimental subjects nor the experimenter knows which treatment the subjects are receiving.

Dependent variable

\________: created by the process being observed and whose value can not be controlled.

alternative explanation

What is a useful hypothesis: must clearly establish a(n) \________ for a pheneomenon and generate testable and falsifiable predictions.

Biases

\________: can influence our behavior, including our collection and intepretation of data.

Alternative hypothesis

\________: impossible to prove that a hypothesis is absolutely and permanently true.

Scientific thinking

\________ is an empirical process that involves making: observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion.

Statistics

\________: a set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to help researchers gain understanding from the data they gather.

Variables

\________ can be independent and dependent.

biology

What is \________: the study of living things.

what does science encompass

observations, descriptions, experiments, and explanations of natural phenomena

pseudoscience

scientific-sounding claims that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientfic studies

anectoal observations

based on only one or a few observations, people conclude that there is or is not a link between two things

what is biology

the study of living things

what is biological literacy

the ability to use the process of scientific inquiry to think creativty about real world issues that have a biological component, communicate those thoughts to others, integrate these ideas into your decision making

scientific thinking is an empirical process that involves making

observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion

what is scientific thinking based on

experience and oberservations that are rational, testable, and repeatable

when making an observation, it mustnt have

an apparent matter or cause and effect relationship

what is a hypothesis

a proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon

what is a useful hypothesis

must clearly establish an alternative explanation for a pheneomenon and generate testable and falsifiable predictions

null hypothesis

a negative statement proposing that no relationship exists between two factors

alternative hypothesis

impossible to prove that a hypothesis is absolutely and permanently true

what is the goal of your predictions

to propose a situation that will give a particular outcome if your hypothesis is supported but a differrent outcome if it is not

what is a critical experiment

one that makes it possible to decisively determine whether one hypothesis supported by evidence over all alternative hypothesis

the last step of the scientific method is

to draw conclusions and make revisions to your hypothesis if needed

theories

exceptionally well supported hypothesis repeatedly tested unlikely to be altered by any new evidence broader in scope than hypothesis

treatmeants

any experimental condition applied to individuals(does not have to be animal)

experimental group

a group of individuals who are exposed to treatment

control group

group of individuals who are treated identically to the experimental group with one exception-they are not exposed to the treatment

variables

characteristics of an experiment that are subject to change

control variables

minimizing any differences between control group and experimental group other than the treatment itself ; the things you consciously kept the same

placebo effect

this is the phenomenon in which people respond favorably to any treatment

what highlights the need for a comparison of treatment effects with an appropriate control group

the placebo effect

blind experimental design

the experimental subjects do not know which treatment(if any) they are receiving

double blind experimental design

neither the experimental subjects nor the experimenter knows which treatment the subjects are receiving

which design is the best

double blind experimental design (no bias)

randomized experimental design

the experimental subjects do not know which treatment (if any) they are receiving because it is randomized

replication

process of repeating a study

biases

can influence our behavior, including our collection and intepretation of data

y-axis

dependent variable

dependent variable

created by the process being observed and whose value cannot be controlled

x-axis

independent variable

independent variable

some measurable entity that is available at the start of a processs and whose value can be changed as required

statistics

a set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to help researchers gain understanding from the data they gather

positive correlation

when one variable increases, so does the other

characteristics of all living things

organism of one or more cells uses energy to perform work responds to external stimuli and environment homeostasis capable of growth and developing and repoduction capable of evolving and adapting over time

what are the five central themes in biology

evolution structure and function information flow, exchange, and storage pathways and transformation of energy and matter systems

how can a graph be misleading

ambiquity in labeling or scales incomplete info on how data was collected biases or hidden assumptions unknown/unreliable data sources insufficient/inappropriate context for data presentation

statistics can also help us identify \______ (or lack thereof) between variables

relationships

Buffers

\________: can quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic; or can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in OH- concentration.

Pure water

\________ has equal amounts of H+ and OH-

Radioactive isotope

\________: some nuclei are not stable, can break down spontaneously.

PH

\________ is the measurement of acidity vs. the basic nature of the fluid.

Element

\________: a substance that can not be broken down chemically into other substances.

Hydrogen bonds

\________ between water molecules give water the critical properties necessary for life, which are: cohesiveness, reduced density as a solid, ability to resist temperature changes, and effectiveness as a solvent.

Ions

\________ are charged atoms.

Molecules

\________: groups of atoms held together by bonds.

Chemical reactions

\________: involve the forming and breaking of bonds.

Isotope

\________: atoms with the same atomic number (i.e the same number of protons) but different atomic mass.

what changes in an isotope

more or less neutrons (different atomic mass)

what stays the same in an isotope

same number of protons(atomic number) and charge does not change

nucleus

The \________ is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

Electrons

\________ move around the nucleus in designated areas called electron shells.

Carbon

\________ mostly bonds with: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other carbons.

amount of H+

The \________ in a solution is a measure of its acidity and is called: pH.

Bond energy

\________: dependent upon the atoms involved.

Hydrogen bonds

\________ make water cohesive.

Element

a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into other substances

elements differ in the number of

protons

atomic number

the number of protons found in the atoms nucleus

Atom

is a bit of matter that cannot be subdivided any further without losing its essential properties

what is inside the nucleus

protons and neutrons

radioactive isotope

some nuclei are not stable, can break down spontaneously

how many elements are in our bodies

25

what are the 4 main elements that make up our body

oxygen(65%), carbon(18.5%), hydrogen(9.5%), nitrogen (3%)

atoms become stable when

their outermost shell is filled to capacity

versatility of carbon

able to share its four valence electrons with up to four other atoms

carbon mostly bonds with

oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other carbons

chemical reactions

involve the forming and breaking of bonds

what are the different ways of representing molecular structure

lewis model, ball and stick model, and space filling model

atoms can be bound in three different ways

covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds