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What is the scientific name for the equine roundworm?
Parascaris equorum
What is the typical length of male Parascaris equorum?
15 to 28 cm
What is the typical length of female Parascaris equorum?
Up to 50 cm long
What is the diameter of female Parascaris equorum?
8 mm
Are Parascaris equorum sexually dimorphic?
Yes
What type of opening do adult Parascaris equorum have?
Anterior opening with 3 lips
Where do adult Parascaris equorum live in equines?
In the small intestine
What type of lifecycle do Parascaris equorum have?
Direct lifecycle
How are equines infected by Parascaris equorum?
By ingestion of larvated eggs on contaminated pasture
What type of migration occurs with Parascaris equorum?
Tracheal/somatic migration
What age group is primarily affected by Parascaris equorum?
Foals
What is the pre-patent period for Parascaris equorum?
Approximately 12 weeks
What is the approximate size of round eggs of Parascaris equorum?
About 90 μm
What are some clinical signs of Parascaris equorum infection?
Diarrhea, enteritis, respiratory issues, nasal discharge, dull hair coat, poor growth
Can extreme infections of Parascaris equorum be fatal?
Yes
What can happen due to a large worm burden in foals infected with Parascaris equorum?
Impaction colic, intestinal perforation, and rupture
What should be done to clean the environment for nursing foals?
Clean mare's udders and teats
What type of pastures should be provided for foals?
Dedicated pastures grazed by older animals with low fecal egg counts (FECs)
What is the recommended anthelmintic regimen for foals?
All subject to the same anthelmintic regimen
What is an effective drug therapy schedule for treating Parascaris equorum?
At 2, 4, 6, and 8 months
What is one of the early indications for treating Parascaris equorum?
Pyrantel pamoate
What is another early indication for treating Parascaris equorum?
Fenbendazole
What is a widely used treatment for Parascaris equorum?
Macrocyclic lactone
What is the farm prevalence of Parascaris equorum?
Greater than 80%
On how many continents is Parascaris equorum prevalent?
Multiple continents
How should critically ill animals infected with Parascaris equorum be treated?
With care, administering FBZ gradually to allow for worm expulsion
What is the scientific name for the equine pinworm?
Oxyuris equi
What is the common name for Oxyuris equi?
Equine Pinworm
What is the size range of male Oxyuris equi?
9 to 12 mm
What is the size range of female Oxyuris equi?
40 to 150 mm
Where do adult Oxyuris equi worms reside in the horse's body?
Cecum, small & large colon
What type of lifecycle does Oxyuris equi have?
Direct lifecycle
How do horses become infected with Oxyuris equi?
Ingestion of embryonated egg
What is the prepatent period for Oxyuris equi?
Approximately 5 months
What clinical signs are associated with Oxyuris equi infection?
Intense anal pruritis and itching
What is a common behavior exhibited by horses infected with Oxyuris equi?
Rubbing hind end on stalls or fence posts
What is the size of an oval/operculated egg of Oxyuris equi?
90 x 42 μm
How can Oxyuris equi eggs be diagnosed?
Observed on 'Scotch Tape' microscope slide preparation
What is the efficacy of Pyrantel for treating adult Oxyuris equi?
91% efficacy at 13.2 mg/kg (twice the labeled dose)
What is the efficacy of Ivermectin Paste for treating Oxyuris equi?
96% efficacy at 200 μg/kg
What is a key aspect of successful treatment and control of Oxyuris equi?
Attention to hygiene
What do the egg masses of Oxyuris equi resemble when found in tail hair?
Dried 'whipped/shaving cream'
What is the common name for Strongyloides westeri?
Equine Threadworm
Where do adult Strongyloides westeri worms reside?
In the small intestine
Are both male and female Strongyloides westeri parasitic?
Only females are parasitic
How does the morphology and life cycle of Strongyloides westeri compare to canine species?
It is similar
What type of life cycle does Strongyloides westeri have?
Homogonic and heterogonic life cycles
What is the primary host affected by Strongyloides westeri?
Foals
What is one route of infection for Strongyloides westeri?
Lactogenic route
What is the prepatent period for Strongyloides westeri?
Approximately 7 days of life
What are two other routes of infection for Strongyloides westeri?
Ingestion of L3 and percutaneous
When do eggs of Strongyloides westeri disappear from feces?
By 24 weeks of age
What happens to Strongyloides westeri larvae in tissues?
They can be arrested for life
What are two clinical signs of Strongyloides westeri infection?
Diarrhea and dehydration
What is a consequence of Strongyloides westeri infection in foals?
Poor growth
What is the treatment for Strongyloides westeri infection?
Removal of adults from the small intestine and supportive care
What are Draschia and Habronema commonly known as?
Equine Stomach Worms
Where do adult Draschia and Habronema worms live?
In the stomach of horses
What is the size range of male Draschia and Habronema worms?
8 to 14 mm
What is the size range of female Draschia and Habronema worms?
13 to 22 mm
What type of lifecycle do Draschia and Habronema have?
Obligate indirect lifecycle
How are infective larvae of Draschia and Habronema transmitted?
By fly intermediate hosts
Where can larvae of Draschia and Habronema be found in horses?
In cutaneous wounds and warm/moist openings
What happens to the larvae after they are ingested by maggots?
They grow to infective stage as flies develop
What is the prepatent period for Draschia and Habronema?
Approximately 5 months
What is the size of Draschia and Habronema eggs?
Approximately 45 x 12 μm
What disease is associated with the deposition of larvae by flies?
Cutaneous Harbronemiasis
What are some common names for Cutaneous Harbronemiasis?
Summer Sore, Swamp Cancer
What type of lesions are associated with larvae of Draschia and Habronema?
Granulomatous lesions
Where do adult Draschia and Habronema worms live within the horse?
In caseous, fibrotic nodules in the stomach
What is the distribution of Draschia and Habronema worldwide?
Cosmopolitan distribution
What has historically reduced the incidence of Draschia and Habronema in the United States?
The suppressive use of Ivermectin
What is usually sufficient for treating Draschia and Habronema infections?
A single dose of macrocyclic lactone
Why is concurrent fly control important in managing Draschia and Habronema?
To prevent transmission of larvae
What do Parascaris infections in neonatal foals result in?
Impaction because the worms grow faster than the foal's intestine.
How do foals become infected with Parascaris?
By ingestion of larvated eggs shed by foals of the previous year's crop.
What type of immunity is associated with Parascaris infections?
Age associated immunity; it is generally a parasite of foals and yearlings.
How are Oxyuris infections spread?
By lapses in hygiene from one infected animal to other susceptible animals.
What facilitates the spread of Oxyuris infections?
Eggs drop from infected animals and contaminate surroundings, including brushes, curry combs, sponges, and buckets.
What is Strongyloides a parasite of?
Foals.
How is Strongyloides transmitted from mare to foal?
Lactogenically.
What is the lifecycle characteristic of Strongyloides in adult horses?
Hypobiotic larvae.
What are Draschia and Habronema?
Equine stomach worms.
What is the role of flies in the lifecycle of Draschia and Habronema?
Flies serve as the obligate intermediate host.
How are parasite larvae transmitted in the lifecycle of Draschia and Habronema?
To maggots, where they develop to the infective stage.
What is necessary for successful treatment of Draschia and Habronema infections?
Concurrent fly control measures to break lifecycle transmission.
What are the two main types of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in horses?
Large Strongyles and Small Strongyles
What is another name for Small Strongyles?
Cyathostomes
Where do adult gastrointestinal nematode parasites reside in horses?
In the colon/large intestine
What is the lifecycle of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in horses?
Direct lifecycle by ingestion of L3 while grazing contaminated pasture
What is the primary target for control by equine owners regarding gastrointestinal nematode parasites?
Small Strongyles
What is the morphology of Large Strongyles?
Medium size worms; Males (14‐35 mm), Females (20‐47 mm); Sexually dimorphic.
What is a distinguishing feature of male Large Strongyles?
Males have a copulatory bursa.
Where do adult Large Strongyles parasitize in equines?
In the large intestine.
How long does it take for Large Strongyles eggs to develop to L3 on pasture?
Approximately 2 weeks.
How do equines become infected with Large Strongyles?
L3 larvae are ingested while grazing.
What is the migration pattern of Large Strongyles larvae?
They migrate extra-intestinally before arriving in the large intestine.
What is the prepatent period for Strongylus vulgaris?
Approximately 6 months.
Where do larvae of Strongylus vulgaris migrate?
In the walls of small arteries and the anterior mesenteric artery.
What is the prepatent period for Strongylus equinus?
Approximately 8 months.
