Q: What are common OTC antihistamine antiemetics?
Dimenhydrinate (for motion sickness)
Q: What is a prescription antihistamine used post-surgery as an antiemetic?
Hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax)
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Q: What are common OTC antihistamine antiemetics?
Dimenhydrinate (for motion sickness)
Q: What is a prescription antihistamine used post-surgery as an antiemetic?
Hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax)
Q: What prescription anticholinergic is used for motion sickness?
Scopolamine
Q: What are common side effects of antihistamines & anticholinergics?
Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation
Q: What are contraindications for antihistamines & anticholinergics?
Kidney/liver disease, enlarged prostate, heart disease, urinary retention
Q: What dopamine antagonist antiemetics are also phenothiazines?
Promethazine, Droperidol
Q: What are side effects of dopamine antagonist antiemetics?
Dry mouth, dizziness, EPS (tardive dyskinesia)
Q: What are contraindications for dopamine antagonists?
Glaucoma, liver disease, bladder/prostate issues
Q: Which benzodiazepine is used for chemotherapy nausea?
Lorazepam
Q: What serotonin antagonist is used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea?
Ondansetron
Q: What are side effects of serotonin antagonists like ondansetron?
Headache, dizziness, hypotension, constipation, fatigue
Q: What corticosteroids are used as antiemetics in chemo?
Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone
Q: What cannabinoid is used for nausea and what are its side effects?
Dronabinol; side effects: euphoria, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, mood changes
Q: What miscellaneous antiemetic may cause EPS, especially in children?
Metoclopramide
Q: What is the antibiotic class used for traveler’s diarrhea (E. coli)?
Fluoroquinolones
Q: What antidiarrheal acts peripherally and is available OTC?
Loperamide
Q: What opiate-related antidiarrheals are combined with atropine?
Diphenoxylate and Difenoxin
Q: What are side effects of opiate antidiarrheals?
Constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, CNS depression, urinary retention
Q: What are contraindications for antidiarrheals?
Infectious diarrhea (salmonella, E. coli), C. diff
Q: What are four nonpharmacologic constipation treatments?
High fiber diet, water, exercise, regular bowel habits
Q: What is the mechanism of osmotic (saline) laxatives?
Draw water into the bowel to soften stool
Q: What are examples of osmotic laxatives?
Lactulose, Milk of Magnesia, Epsom salt, Sodium phosphate, Magnesium citrate, Glycerin
Q: What are side effects of osmotic laxatives?
Abdominal cramps, flatulence
Q: What is a contraindication of osmotic laxatives?
Renal insufficiency
Q: What are stimulant laxatives and how do they work?
Bisacodyl, Castor oil, Senna; stimulate GI motility and mucosal irritation
Q: What are side effects of stimulant laxatives?
Abdominal cramps, dizziness, reddish-brown urine
Q: How do bulk-forming laxatives like psyllium work?
Increase stool volume to trigger peristalsis via stretch receptors
Q: What is a key instruction for bulk-forming laxatives?
Must be taken with lots of water
Q: What are emollient (stool softener) laxatives and how do they work?
Docusate sodium; lubricates and softens stool
Q: What are the seven types of antiulcer agents?
Tranquilizers, anticholinergics, antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs, sucralfate, prostaglandin analogs
Q: What is the role of tranquilizers in ulcer therapy?
Reduce vagal stimulation and anxiety (minimal direct effect)
Q: What is an anticholinergic used in ulcer treatment and its side effects?
Glycopyrrolate; dry mouth, headache, constipation, palpitations
Q: What are systemic and non-systemic antacids?
Systemic: sodium bicarbonate; Non-systemic: aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate
Q: What are the side effects of calcium and magnesium antacids?
Calcium: constipation; Magnesium: diarrhea
Q: What are H2 blockers and examples?
Block histamine at H2 receptors; examples: cimetidine, famotidine
Q: What are side effects of H2 blockers?
Insomnia, constipation, erectile dysfunction
Q: What are PPIs and an example?
Proton pump inhibitors (block H+ secretion); example: pantoprazole (Protonix)
Q: What is sucralfate and how does it work?
Mucosal protective agent; binds to ulcers in acidic environment forming barrier
Q: What are administration considerations for sucralfate?
Take on empty stomach; space 2 hrs from other meds
Q: What can sucralfate interact with?
Digoxin, warfarin, certain benzos, phenytoin
Q: What is misoprostol used for and its contraindication?
Used for NSAID-induced ulcers; contraindicated in pregnancy (can cause miscarriage)