Collaborative Exam 2 Review Flashcards

Flashcards based on collaborative exam review notes.

Where is genetic material located in a typical prokaryotic cell?

Nucleoid region

How do nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes benefit legume plants?

Providing fixed nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates from the plant

Which lineages likely radiated most directly from the prokaryotic LUCA?

Eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria

What type of symbiosis is exemplified by reef corals relying on photosynthetic cyanobacteria?

Mutualism

What trait is mostly observed in archaea?

The ability to survive in extreme temperatures (>100 ˚C)

What did the development of vascular tissue allow plants to do?

Transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

In the plant life cycle, what does the sporophyte produce and what does it grow into?

Spores; gametophyte

What is the primary function of the waxy cuticle found on plant surfaces?

Reduce water loss and protect against UV radiation

When observing a moss, what is the green, carpet-like structure you primarily see?

Haploid gametophyte producing gametes

What is one advantage of a sporophyte-dominated life cycle in plants?

Diploid stages can mask harmful mutations with a second copy of each gene

As plants evolved, what was one major trend?

Increasing dominance of the diploid sporophyte generation

What are angiosperms uniquely characterized by?

Producing flowers and enclosed seeds

In the life cycle of bryophytes, where does meiosis occur and what does it produce?

Sporophyte; haploid spores

In gymnosperms, where does mitosis occur and what does it produce?

Gametophyte generation to produce haploid gametes for fertilization

In angiosperms, what role do flowers play in the life cycle?

Housing structures that produce haploid gametophytes that give rise to gametes

Which animal characteristic enables them to be more efficient consumers?

Motility that allows them to actively search for food resources

What is the Cambrian explosion known for?

The appearance of most major animal body plans

What adaptation was critical for early organisms colonizing land environments?

Evolution of waxy cuticles to prevent water loss

According to a key pattern in animal evolution, what is the correct sequence?

Origin of multicellularity → Cambrian explosion → mammalian radiation

In animal body plans, what did the development of the mesoderm allow for?

Muscles and circulatory systems

Among chordates, what distinguishes vertebrates from other subphyla?

Vertebral column surrounding the nerve cord

According to the "limbs from fins" hypothesis, what are tetrapod limbs evolutionarily derived from?

Paired muscular fins with internal bone structures of ancestral lobe-finned fishes

What key amniote adaptation is functionally modified in mammals?

Amniotic egg, which develops internally and is supported by a placenta

What is the key evolutionary innovation in primates compared to early mammals?

Forward-facing eyes and grasping hands for life in trees

What best illustrates how a vertebrate body plan has changed through descent with modification?

A primate with increased brain mass leading to bipedal locomotion