group reports pt. 1

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Air Philippines Flight 541 (April 19, 2000)

on ______, the deadliest plane crash in the Philippines happened when a plane crashed into a coconut grove on Samal Island, Davao del Norte

property damage, 131 deaths, national interest

MAIN FACTORS LEADING HAZARD TO DISASTER (FLIGHT 541):

______ damage;

______ deaths

______ interest

life losses, financial and legal outcomes, reconstruction of aviation system

Flight 541’s impact on people and environment

identification of remains, investigation of plane crash, financial compensation

RECOVERY MEASURES (FLIGHT 541):

_______ of remains;

_______ of plane crash;

______ compensation

Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines

IMPACT ON PPL & ENVIRONMENT (FLIGHT 541):

this was created in 2008 as an independent regulatory body and abolishing the Air Transportation Office (ATO)

Cebu Binaliw Landslide (January 8, 2026)

on ______, a landslide occured at what was originally a materials-recovery site, but was converted into a landfill

True

TRUE OR FALSE:
The Cebu Binaliw landfill went through multiple changes of operators and nearby residents have already filed numerous complaints about the site.

waste & soil oversaturation, excessive landfill height, prolonged rainfall, geotechnical limitations

ROOT CAUSES (CEBU BINALIW LANDSLIDE):

waste & soil ________;

_______ landfill height;

_______ rainfall;

_______ limitations (poor structural foresight & waste management);

300 personnel

RECOVERY MEASURES (CEBU BINALIW LANDSLIDE):

_____ personnel were sent from various government agencies and civil groups;

a variety of heavy equipment (e.g. excavators, fire trucks, ambulances) were mobilized in rescue efforts

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

At the Cebu Binaliw Landslide, there were reports of other health hazards being present on-site (toxic fumes, heavy rains, large metal beams, heavy debris) which hindered rescue efforts.

36, 18

IMPACT ON PPL & ENVIRONMENT (CEBU BINALIW LANDSLIDE):

_____ deaths, ____ injuries;

it was mostly sanitation workers in charge of the site who died

suspending

IMPACT ON PPL & ENVIRONMENT (CEBU BINALIW LANDSLIDE):

The incident resulted in the DENR ______ the operations at the Binaliw landfill and led an inspection of all operating sanitary landfills in the country to prevent similar disasters.

False; should be emphasized

TRUE OR FALSE:

Authorities did not emphasize the need for stricter monitoring and to strengthen certain policies concerning waste management and sustainability after the Binaliw landslide.

water, disruption, clean-ups

IMPACT ON PPL & ENVIRONMENT (CEBU BINALIW LANDSLIDE):

_______ contamination,

_______ of trash,

_______ & casualties

reverse component

UNDER 2025 CEBU BOGO QUAKE:

refers to a vertical uplift that accompanies horizontal movement

coastal subsidence

UNDER 2025 CEBU BOGO QUAKE:

refers to sinking of land along coastal areas

Bogo City, Cebu Earthquake (September 30, 2025)

on _________, an earthquake with epicenter at ______ _____ struck Cebu (strike-slip fault)

Northern Cebu, Visayas, Luzon

3 affected locations of the 2025 Bogo City Earthquake

6.9, 5km, Bogo Bay Fault

UNDER 2025 CEBU BOGO QUAKE:

the earthquake was of magnitude ____, and its epicenter was at Bogo City, where the shaking started ___km deep at the _________ Fault

74 deaths & 559 injuries, 4km, liquefaction

IMPACT ON PPL & ENVIRONMENT (CEBU EQ):

____ deaths, _____ injured;

Sea level rise and Coastal Subsidence;

____-km-long Ground Rupture, Landslides in mountainous areas;

_______ compounded the damage from poorly constructed infrastructure

Intensity 7 (destructive) to 8 (very destructive)

MAIN FACTORS LEADING HAZARD TO DISASTER (CEBU EQ):

PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) reaching _____ to _____ & magnitude of 6.9

~748k

MAIN FACTORS LEADING HAZARD TO DISASTER (CEBU EQ):

disruption of daily life: ~_____k affected individual through destruction of homes, public infrastructures, & essential services

True

TRUE OR FALSE:
Strong ground shaking, aftershocks, eq-induced landslides, liquefaction, & tsunami hazards are among impacts of the 2025 Cebu earthquake.

Philippine Red Cross

UNDER 2025 CEBU EQ:
they were the organization who conducted search & rescue efforts after the earthquake

Bayanihan Village, JICA

RECOVERY & REHABILITATION (2025 CEBU EQ):

Construction of '_____ ____' temporary shelters;

______ provided emergency humanitarian supplies;

Gov. committed to fast-track rehabilitation;

PHIVOLCS continued monitoring for aftershocks

Taal Volcano (January 12, 2020)

on ________, _____ volcano had an eruption for the first time in 43 years and affected NCR and Region 3 (Central Luzon)

Phreatic eruption, Volcano Alert Level 4

NATURE OF INCIDENT (TAAL VOLCANO):
_____ eruption;

followed by a swarm of earthquakes;

Volcano Alert Level ____

14,082, 8, 24, 3

IMPACT ON PPL & ENVIRONMENT (TAAL VOLCANO):

_____ houses were damaged;

_____ Public and Private health facilities closed;

_____ municipalities experienced power interruption;

_____ municipalities experienced water interruption

736,802 & 191,152

IMPACT ON PPL & ENVIRONMENT (TAAL VOLCANO):

______ people or _____ families were displaced;

• "At the peak of the crisis, 135,610 people (39,076 families) were being supported in 535 registered evacuation centres (EC), and 170,732 people (44,439 families) were outside the evacuation centres."

False; should be did include

TRUE OR FALSE:

The impacts on livelihood of the 2020 Taal Volcano did not include loss of livelihood, class suspensions, use of facemasks, and lack of resources.

evacuation centers, deployment of emergency teams, relief donations, alert level monitoring

these were recovery measures for the 2020 Taal Volcano eruption

Guinsaugon Mudslide (February 17, 2006)

on _______, this large mudslide occured in the area of Southern Leyte, Guinsaugon at 10AM

10 days of intense rainfall which led to liquefaction, 2.6M

ROOT CAUSES OF GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE:

____ days of _____ which led to this,

___M earthquake

3264, 18,862

IMPACT OF GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE:

_____ ppl were displaced;

_____ were affected

Php 92.2 million, Php 22.6 million

IMPACT OF GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE:

Php _____ million in damage to infrastructure;

Php _____ million in damage to agricultre;

Eurasian plate, Philippine Sea Plate, Philippine Plate

UNDER GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE:

these 3 major tectonic plates surround the area of Leyte, which is located in the Eastern Visayas Region (Region 8)

False; Eastern should be Central

TRUE OR FALSE:

The series of hills surrounding the village of Guinsaugon is close to the Philippine Fault Zone’s Eastern Leyte Fault.

• This meant an increase in the degree to which the effects of the magnitude 2.6 earthquake were felt.

Pasay Residential Fire (February 15, 2025)

on _______ (4:30-7:23AM), a _____ _____ fire broke out and affected approx. 30-40 houses in the area

3rd floor of a residential bldg in Esteban St, Brgy 177, Malibay, Pasay City

UNDER PASAY FIRE:

this is where the fire started

4, 2, 78 or 233, Php 1.2 million

IMPACTS OF PASAY FIRE:

___ people died while ____ were injured;

____ families or ____ persons were affected;

around 35 houses were affected, 19 of which were totally destroyed

Damage to property estimated to be _______

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Recovery measures of 2025 Pasay fire includes:

• 78 families were provided temporary shelter at the Brgy. Hall Covered Court

• P154, 468.08 worth of assistance were provided by DSWD

• injured individuals were given treatments and sent to a hospital.

Solid North SCTEX 2025 Multi-vehicle collision (May 1, 2025)

on ______, a serious road multi-vehicle collision involving a Solid North bus occurred along the SCTEX toll plaza in Tarlac City, Philippines.

• A 50 million civil case was filed against the bus operator and in response to the incident, LTFRB ordered a 30-day suspension for Solid North for further investigation.

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)

UNDER SUBIC-CLARK-TARLEX EXPRESSWAY (SCTEX) CRASH:

was officially established on June 19, 1987, with the primary purpose of formulating, implementing, and monitoring policies, laws, and regulations that govern public land transportation services around the around the country. (LTO, 2023)

driver fell asleep

UNDER SCTEX CRASH:

this was the reason of the 2025 SCTEX crash that happened on May 1.

• led to crashing into 4 other vehicles that were lined up while waiting for their turn at the toll plaza

• 10 people killed, 37 injured

50 million civil case

UNDER SCTEX CRASH:

this was filed against the bus operator and in response to the incident, LTFRB ordered a 30-day suspension for Solid North for further investigation

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

The following are driving laws that lessen road accidents:

• RA 4136 (Land Transportation and Traffic Code)—Reckless Driving

• RA 4136—The Speed Limit Law

• RA10913 (Anti-Distracted Driving Act)

• RA 10586 (Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013

RA 4136 (Land Transportation and Traffic Code)—Reckless Driving

UNDER SCTEX CRASH:

this is the law which applies to sleeping while driving

Rizal Day Bombings (December 30, 2000)

on December 30, 2000, these series of bombings involved the deliberate detonation of improvised explosive devices in five locations across Metro Manila within about an hour

Blumentritt LRT Station; Plaza Ferguson, Malate; EDSA Bus in Cubao; Gas Station in Makati; NAIA Cargo Terminal

5 bombing locations of Rizal Day Bombings

Jemaah Islamiyah (Fathur Roman Al Ghozi)

UNDER RIZAL DAY BOMBINGS:

coordinated terrorist attack using improvised explosive devices composed of black powder and ammonium nitrate-based materials, executed by individuals linked to _____ _____

• political motive and weak transport security.

• group aimed to create fear, destabilize public order, and send a message against the government.

Blumentritt LRT Station

5 RIZAL DAY BOMBINGS LOCATIONS:

deadliest explosion occurred inside a train cab;

passengers were inside a confined space;

blast impact was intensified by limited escape routes;

this site recorded the highest casualties

Plaza Ferguson, Malate

5 RIZAL DAY BOMBINGS LOCATIONS:

explosion occurred near the United States Embassy;

area was crowded due to Rizal Day activities;

raised national and international security concerns

NAIA Cargo Terminal

5 RIZAL DAY BOMBINGS LOCATIONS:

at least one device exploded in the airport's cargo area;

targeted the important transport infrastructure;

increased airport security concerns

Gas Station in Makati

5 RIZAL DAY BOMBINGS LOCATIONS:

explosion occurred along EDSA near a business district;

2 police bomb squad members died;

responders faced direct danger during intervention

EDSA Bus in Cubao

5 RIZAL DAY BOMBINGS LOCATIONS:

bomb exploded inside a moving passenger bus;

1 passenger died;

several others sustained injuries;

confined vehicle space increased the injury risk

True

TRUE OR FALSE:
The bombings caused immediate loss of life (22 confirmed deaths, > 100 injuries), physical trauma, and psychological distress among survivors, families, and the broader public.

Economic impacts include temporary business disruptions in Makati & Manila, increased security expenditures by both government and private establishments, and counterterrorism measures.

Metro Manila Police and AFP

UNDER RIZAL DAY BOMBINGS:
these organizations implemented higher security alerts;

• investigations and arrests, prosecution and sentencing, increased security deployment in transport hubs, annual heightened alert during anniversaries, & strengthened counterterrorism coordination among police and military units.

Mayon Volcano Eruption (January 13, 2018)

on ________, a Phreatic eruption happened followed by lava fountaining & flow, which reached 700m high and extended 3.3-4.5km from the crater, respectively

phreatic eruption

UNDER MAYON VOLCANO ERUPTION:

steam-driven explosion (occurs when water beneath the ground or on the surface is heated by magma that causes the water to boil and flash to steam which results in a rapid explosion of water and ash)

pyroclastic flows (pyroclastic density currents/PDC)

UNDER MAYON VOLCANO ERUPTION:

these were seen during its activity where mixtures of volcanic matter, hot gases, and ash rush down the slopes of the volcano;

considered as the most dangerous events to nearby areas during volcanic eruptions as they are unpredictable dense, ground-hugging flows of ash and debris that can travel hundred of meters per second;

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Among the Mayon Volcano hazards were ash plumes & tephra, lahar, and climate impact due to SO₂ emissions.

89,962, > 1 billion pesos

IMPACT OF MAYON VOLCANO ERUPTION:

Human Displacement:_______ people (22,918 families) affected.

Educational Disruption: 55 schools closed; 79,209 learners displaced as schools became evacuation centers.

Economic Loss: Over _______ in agricultural and livestock damage within the 8-km danger zone.

Health: 275 treated cases (respiratory, hypertension, diarrhea)

zero casualty

UNDER MAYON VOLCANO ERUPTION:

this was achieved through PHIVOLCS monitoring and EDUCO intervention;

EDUCO's Rapid Needs Assessment: (EWH)

• Education: Temporary learning spaces and psychological first aid.

• WASH: Hygiene kits and sanitation sessions.

• Health/Nutrition: Breastfeeding areas and essential kits.

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

Mayon Volcano eruption became a disaster due to scale (~90k ppl affected), economic concerns (>189M pesos in crops destroyed to 1B pesos), & disruption (total halt of local economies in PDZ during Q1 in 2018).

2023 Oriental Mindoro Oilspill (February 28), MT Princess Empress

on _______, a massive oil spill of about 800,000 liters of industrial oil was caused by the sinking of _______ off of Nanjan Town, Oriental Mindoro

oil spills

UNDER 2023 ORIENTAL MINDORO OILSPILL:

these technological hazards can block sunlight for the aquatic life, block oxygen for the fish to breathe, harm the plant life in the coastal areas, & affect the livelihoods of the fishing community in the area

Verde Island Passage

HAZARD TO DISASTER (MINDORO OIL SPILL):

the 2023 Mindoro Oill spill became a disaster as it spread through this island, an area scientists call the "center of the center" of marine biodiversity, some of the most ecologically sensitive waters on the planet

• currents carried the contamination across a massive area (25km by 300-500km), damaging coral reefs, mangroves, & seagrass

fishing ban

HAZARD TO DISASTER (MINDORO OIL SPILL):

this was quickly imposed across 264 barangays, leaving over 200,000 residents w/o their main source of livelihood

2.7 billion pesos (manual shore cleanup, offshore containment, & removal of contaminated objects)

RECOVERY FROM MINDORO OIL SPILL:
amount of money allocated for recovery & restoration for affected areas (fishing sector receiving most of grants)

• relief goods to affected residents

• providing alternative jobs for fishermen most affected by the incident

• clean-up measures included these

True

TRUE OR FALSE:

In terms of relief goods, DSWD responded by implementing human capital investment core programs such as:

• family food packs (FFPs),

• Cash-for-Work (CFW)

• Emergency Cash Transfer (ECT)

• Assistance to Individuals in Crisis Situation (AICS)

• Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP).

• More than 29,000 residents were aided with the help of the provincial governments as noted by Assistant Secretary for Strategic Communications Romel Lopez

False; should be started

TRUE OR FALSE:

In 2026, fishing operations have not started resuming as even with the lifting of the fishing bans, fisherfolks continue to experience fewer catches than before with water quality failing to live up to government standards.

MGC T-Shirt Factory Fire (August 31, 2023).

on ______ at 5:31AM, a two-story residential building in the densely populated Pleasant View Subdivision was totally engulfed by fire (Brgy. Tandang Sora, Quezon City)

highly flammable materials, electrical malfunctions, structural defects, limited emergency exits, fire code violations

initial investigation of the incident did not officially verify the initial ignition source; however, the factory has several violations of fire requirements such as these

• BFP came 14 minutes after the incident (delay was due to the reception of the wrong address and the heavy traffic caused by flooding and heavy rainfall that morning)

  • fire was declared out around 8:00, lasting for around 2.5 hours

15, 3

IMPACT OF MGC FACTORY FIRE:

___ deaths, ___ injuries;

Emotional trauma among families;

Loss of livelihood for workers;

3 million pesos in property damage;

Increased public concern regarding workplace safety

recovery measures for the MGC T-Shirt Factory Fire

Financial and burial assistance from the QC LGU and OWWA; filing of criminal charges (Reckless Imprudence) against surviving incorporators; city-wide crackdown on misdeclared businesses.