Unit one ap world history study guide terms

unit 1 ap world history study guide flashcards

Caliphs

Successors to Muhammad who exerted political authority over the Muslim religious community and state.

Kaaba

A cube-shaped shrine in Mecca, considered sacred in Islam and linked to Abraham in Judaism.

Hijrah

The migration of Muhammad and his followers to Medina in 622 due to hostility in Mecca.

Jihad

The struggle or fight in military campaigns against non-Muslims.

Five Pillars of Islam

Basis of Islamic practice, including professing faith, prayer, charity, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Sunni

Translates to 'the people of custom and the community', accepting Ali as a rightly guided caliph and supporting leadership by consensus.

Shiite

Translates to 'party of Ali', believing that Ali and his descendants should lead the Muslim community.

Umayyad Dynasty

A Muslim dynasty that unified the community after Ali's assassination and established Damascus as its capital.

Baghdad

Cultural center of the Arab world, located on the Tigris River, home to diverse religious communities.

Foot binding

Chinese practice aimed at making women's feet smaller, considered a beauty standard.

Movable type

Printing technology that allowed individual characters to be arranged for printing, transforming book production in China.

Neo-Confucianism

A blend of Confucian thought with Buddhist and Daoist ideas focused on ethics and morality.

Mansa Musa

Wealthy king of Mali known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and influencing trade with gold and salt.

Obsidian

A precious volcanic glass used by the Mayans for tools and weapons and significant in trade.

Karma

The principle of cause and effect in Hinduism determining future reincarnation based on one's current actions.

Bhakti

Devotional love and attachment to a personal god in Hinduism.

The Analects

A collection of sayings attributed to Confucius, serving as a foundational text for Confucian thought.

Ashoka

An Indian emperor who spread Buddhism through missions and edicts after his conversion to the faith.

Iconoclast

Image-breakers who opposed religious images and advocated for their removal based on the Second Commandment.

Crusades

Religious wars initiated by Pope Urban II to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Saladin

A Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem and was known for his chivalrous treatment of prisoners.

Hundred Years War

Conflict between England and France initiated by disputes over the French throne and territorial claims.

Varna System

Hindu social hierarchy consisting of four classes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

Buddha

Meaning 'The Enlightened One', refers to Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism.

Christianity in Rome

Became the dominant religion after being adopted by the Roman Empire, despite initial persecution.

Mayan Religion

Polytheistic beliefs centered around nature deities, rituals, and a complex calendrical system.

Islamic Pilgrimage (Hajj)

The religious journey to Mecca required of all Muslims who are physically and financially able to undertake it.

Byzantine Empire Decrease

Decline in population, economic contraction, and the inability of the government to maintain order.