SEHS Topic 3 Energy systems

Macronutrients

Required in large amounts (lipid, carbohydrate, protein, water) and Provide calories or energy

Micronutrients

Required by humans in small amounts. (vitamins, minerals)

Functions of Carbohydrates

- Fuel for body

- Energy storage

- Building of cell membranes

- Synthesis of DNA + RNA

Functions of Fats

- Energy storage

- Synthesis of Hormones

- Cell Storage

Functions of Proteins

- Structure

- Transport and Communication

- Enzymes

- Muscle building blocks

- Protection

- Fuel

Functions of Water

- Excretion

- Lubrication

- Transportation

- Thermoregulation

- Medium for biochemical reactions

Chemical composition of glucose

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

C6H12O6

Monosaccarides

The simplest form of a carbohydrates, made of one molecule

(eg: glucose, fructose and galactose)

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide with the loss of one molecule of water.

(eg: Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose)

Polysaccharides

A chain of many monosaccharides linked together.

(eg: starch and glycogen

Condensation Reaction

Linking of two molecules with the removal of water.

Hydrolysis

Breaking apart of two molecules by adding water

Joule

Unit of energy which is obtained from food that is available through cell respiration.

Triglyceride

The major form of fat storage in the body

Consists of a glycerol and three fatty acid chains

Stored in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Used in lipid bilayer of cell membrane.

Unsaturated

Double bonds between carbon atoms

Come from plant based foods

(eg. Peanuts, Cashews, sunflower oil, olive oil and avocado

Liquid at room temperature)

Saturated

No double bonds between atoms

Come from animal sources

(eg. Coconut, Palm oil, fat in meat, chicken and pork)

Protein Molecule

Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen

Building blocks are amino Acids (there are 20)

Essential Amino Acids

cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained by diet

Non Essential Amino Acids

Can be synthesized by the human body

Protein Function

Structural- compose blood tissue muscle tissue and enzymes

Transport and communication- Hormones, receptors, neurotransmitters

Protective- Antibodies, mucus and anti-inflammatory

Enzymatic- Digestion, metabolic pathways

Balanced Diet

A diet that provides all nutrients in the right amount in order to maintain health.

Dietary recommendations

Recommended amounts of essential nutrients in the diet.

Dietary Guidelines

Recommended amounts of food

Energy content per 100g of protein

1720KJ

Energy content per 100g of fat

4000KJ

Energy content per 100g of carbohydrate

1760KJ

Metabolism

All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism.

Anabolism

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules

Catabolism

The breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules

Aerobic

With oxygen

Anaerobic

without oxygen

Glycogen

The stored form of glucose

Stored in the liver and muscles

Insulin

Regulates the amount of glucose in the blood.

Causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and store it as glycogen

Causes fat cells to take in blood lipids and turn them into triglycerides

lipolysis

The breakdown of fat in the body

Functions of water

- Transport of nutrients, metabolites, waste products, hormones and respiratory gasses

- Thermoregulation (sweat) and excretion (urine, feces)

- Cell to cell and cell to environment communication

- Lubrication of joints and sliding surfaces

- Medium for biochemical/metabolic reactions