Pathophys exam 2 yayyyyyy

what are selye’s general adaptation syndrome compromises

loss of appetite (anorexia), loss of muscle strength (weakness), loss of ambition (malaise)

what are the 3 body changes in the selye’s triad when talking about general adaption syndrome?

1. enlargement of adrenal glands

2. atrophy of thymus gland

3. develop gastric ulcers ( increase acid secretion)

general adaption syndrome phase 1

alarm reaction, mobilize resources

general adaption syndrome phase 2

resistance, cope with stressor

general adaption syndrome phase 3

exhaustion, reserves depleted, most vulnerable

what are the two catecholamines

norepinephrine and epinephrine

what does norepinephrine do when activated

increased bp and vasoconstriction, inhibits gi, dilates pupils, dilates bronchial airways, block insulin (increase blood sugar)

what does epinephrine do when activated

more cardiac affects, increased hr, venous return, co and bp, increased muscle strength, promotes glucose formation for energy (inhibits glucose breakdown)

where is the HPA system

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland

what does the hypothalamus do in the hpa system

activate the sympathetic nervous system, which activates norepinephrine and adrenal medulla, also releases crh which activates anterior pituitary

what does the adrenal medulla do in the hpa system

release epinephrine

what does the anterior pituitary gland do in the hpa system

release ACTH which activates the adrenal cortex which activates cortisol

what do endorphins do

increase pain threshold, excitement, well being, and euphoria

what increases endorphins

exercise and emergencies

what decrease endorphins

chronic stress

cortisols bad functions

maintain blood sugar at high level, promote gastric acid secretion (ulcers), decreased wound healing, suppressed immune response (suppress antibodies, promotes atrophy of thymus, spleen and lymph nodes,) lipolysis (fat moves to trunk and face)

cortisols good functions

may conserve energy, decrease immunity=decrease damage, reduce cytokines, anti-inflammatory

how does aids harm the body

retrovirus - kills CD4 (white blood cells that fight infection)

how to diagnose someone with aids

CD4 less than 200, antibody tests

what is the first phase of aids

acute- primary infection, flu like symptoms, enlarged lymph nodes, increased viral load, decreased cd4 count

what is the second phase of aids

latent period- no signs or symptoms, cd4 falls more gradually

what is the 3rd phase of aids

overt aids- cd4 less than 200, aids defining illnesses, death in 1-2 years

Pneumocystis carinii/jiroveci pneumonia

caused by fungus in soil, CP, fever, increased hr

mycobacterium tb

causeous necrosis on bronchioles, leading cause of death in hiv patient

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

70% exposed develop pneumonia, blindness, and gi infection, can cause esophagitis

what phase is a patient most infectious

prodromal

what is viral load

amt of hiv that is in blood stream

what are immunosuppressed people susceptible to

opportunistic infections

esophageal candidasis

can grow on tongue, yest fungal infection

what neurological symptoms can occur in aids patients

tremors, paraplegia, 15% dementia

karposi sarcoma

only seen in aids patients, decrease NK cells, more susceptible to other cancers

wasting syndrome and metabolic disorders

weight loss of 10%, chronic weakness, hyperlipidemia, lipodystrophy, mitochondrial disorders, insulin resistance

what is the relationship between your liver and bleeding

liver released von willebrand factors that calls for platlets to help clot injury

what is the normal value for wbc

4500-10500

what is the normal value for rbc

M- 4.7-6.1 mil F- 4.2-5.4 mil

what is the normal value for neutrophils

40-60-%

what is the normal value for segs

47-55%

what is the normal value for bands

10%

what is the normal value for platelets

150000-450000

what is the normal value for hemoglobin

M: 14-16.5 F: 12-15

what does it mean when there are many reticulocytes (immature)

ANEMIA

macrocytic and megaloblastic anemia is also known as what

folic acid and b-12 anemia

how do you diagnose macrocytic and megaloblastic anemia

mcv greater than 100 fL

what does it mean when someone has microcytic hypochromic anemia

rbc are smaller than normal and fading of color

what labs will you see when someone has microcytic hypochromic anemia

low hg

what labs will you see when someone has iron deficiency anemia

low hg, ferritin, high transferrin

what does it mean when someone has hemolytic anemia

breakdown of rbc before 120 days (lifespan)

what kind of anemia is hemolytic anemia

extra-corpuscular (extrinsic)

what are the sands of hemolytic anemia

splenomegaly, jaundice, stool and urine color change, accelerated erythropoiesis

what labs do you see with someone who has hemolytic anemia

increased mcv

what is sickle cell anemia triggered by

cold, dehydration, hypoxemia, low ph

what are the sands of anemia

tachycardia, spoon shaped nails, glossitis, vertigo, tinnitus

what are sads of hemophilia

easy brusing, oozing after tooth extraction, hemarthrosis,

what are the sands of chronic anemia

seizure, osteoporosis, chronic leg ulcers, proliferative retinopathy

what causes aplastic anemia

myeloid stem cell in trouble

what labs do you have with aplastic anemia

pancytopenia

what is pancytopenia

anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia

how is sickle cell inherited

autosomal recessive

Hemarthrosis

bleeding into the joint cavity

polycythemia

too many blood cells

what is bilirubin

dead rbc excreted to waste

proliferation

rapid reproduction of cells

example of benign cancer

cherry angioma, uterine fibroids

factors of malignant cancer

abnormal chromosome, able to migrate, loose adherence, invade other tissues, loss of apoptosis

what age group does ALL affect

kids

what age group does CLL affect

elderly men

how can you differentiate ALL acute leukocytic leukemia

acute, big cells, nucleus not condensed, immature cells, precursor

how can you diagnose CLL chronic leukocytic leukemia

chronic, small cells, nucleus condensed, mature cells, peripheral, high wbc count

what are general labs and symptoms of lymphoma

low rbc, high wbc, thrombocytopenia, painless lymph nodes, arthralgia

what are lymphoma B symptoms

night sweats, fever, weight loss

how can you diagnose multiple myeloma

bence jones protein in urine

what causes multiple myeloma

plasma cells producing immunoglobins (IG, IA) start producing proteins instead

what is a symptom of multiple myeloma

bone pain

how can you diagnose hogkins’s lymphoma

presence of reed-Steinburg cells

what causes lymphoma

wbc clumped together and stick to part of body

what causes mononeuclosis

Epstein barr virus

what can you use as a diagnosis of mononeuclosis

heterophils, wbc 12000-18000

how can you diagnose CLL

philadelphia cell

what causes lymphomas

idiopathic (don’t know)

what is the most treatable lymphoma

hodgkins

what is haegmann factor

starts the clotting cascade

what are intrinsic cascades

properties that are present in blood

what are extrinsic cascades

properties not present in blood

what is a widespread endothelial injury

sepsis

what is hemophilia

inherited genetic disorder that impairs body ability to make blood clots

what are risk factors of acute myeloid leukemia

radiation, benzene exposure, polycythemia

what age group is at risk for acute myeloid leukemia

older age males

what are sands of acute myeloid leukemia

hepatosplenomegaly, bone and joint pain, pancytopenia

what is the difference between hodgkins lymphoma and non-hodgkins lymphoma

hodgkins can spread through lymph system, non-hodgkins stays in one body system

what is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

antibodies attack platelets

what are sands of ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)

thrombopenia, no hemarthrosis

what is preload

volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole

what increases preload

hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves, heart failure

what is afterload

resistance that ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

what is ejection fraction

fraction of fluid ejected from a chamber with each contraction

what is stroke volume

amount of blood pumped out during systole

what is mean arterial pressure

average pressure of arteries

what is total vascular resistance

the sum of the resistance of all vasculature in the systemic circulation

what is hyperaldesteronism

adrenal glands produces too much aldosterone, CAUSES HYPERTENSION

what is pheochromocytoma

tumor releases hormones that can cause HYPERTENSION, tachycardia, sweating, and headache