Practical Research 1 - flash card 1

Inquiry

• is defined as “seeking for truth, information, or knowledge”

• It is a problem-solving technique

• The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by applying the different human senses

• Close to the word investigation

research

• Its in chronological order/systematic

• Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge and evidence

• Required to meet the needed data

• Collection

• Presentation

• Analysis

• Interpretation of facts

Research systematic order:

Scientific Investigation

____________ of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts (Research)

Investigation

• Has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”

• It is a systematic ang thorough process of gathering and examining information to discover the truth

• Formal procedure that follows certain stages or phases

Immersion

• Is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data-gathering activities

• the data he has gathered are then carefully read and examined by him personally. and in detail

• Empirical

• Logical

• Cyclical

• Analytical

• Critical

• Methodical

• Objective

• Reliable

The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

Empirical

Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. Researcher should be based on observable and measurable evidence

Logical

Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Research should present ideas in a rational manner, without jumping to unfounded conclusions

Cyclical

Research is a ______ process because with a problem and ends with a problem. 

Analytical

Research data should be critically analyzed to ensure there are no errors in interpretation

Critical

Research exhibits careful and precise judgement. The researchers think outside the box and not interpret results in a shallow manner

Methodical

Using systematic methods and procedures

Objective

Research should be free of bias or prejudice, and based on factual truths factual

Reliable

Research results should be consistent with the aims of the study

• Step 1: Define and develop your topic

• Step 2: Find Background information about your chosen topic

• Step 3: Plan your methodologies

• Step 4: Data-gathering procedures

• Step 5: Analysis of Data

• Step 6: Interpretation of Data

• Step 7: Define a new problem

The Seven steps of the Research process

Research Problem

define and develop you topic

1. Literature

2. Studies

3. Theories

Find background information about your chosen topic

1. Research Design (for qualitative research)

2. Methodologies (qualitative or quantitative)

Plan your methodologies

1. Open-ended questions (for qualitative research)

2. Close-ended questionnaire or paper-pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research)

Data-gathering procedures

1. Thematic Analysis (for qualitative research)

2. Statistical Tools (for quantitative research)

Analysis of Data

1. Formulation of new insights gained (for qualitative research)

2. Conclusions and recommendations (for quantitative research)

Interpretation of Data

Research Ethics

• Are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness

Informed Consent

This is required to secure and protect the rights of the participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and the schedule for one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to the study MUST be completely voluntary

Participant

Interacting with researcher through interviewing

Respondent

Does not interact because they use survey

Honesty

It reports data, results, methods, and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, and misrepresent the data

Objectivity

Avoid bias experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, rant writing, expert testimony, and other aspect of research

Integrity

keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action

caution

Avoid careless errors and negligence. Carefully and critically examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records o research activities

Openness

Share data, results, ideas, tools, and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas

Respect for intellectual property

Honor patents, copyrights, trade marks, trade secrets, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due, never plagiarize, fabricate, and falsify

Patents

protects invetions

Copyrights

ownership on songs, ideas, stories, or any creative works

Trademarks

protects brand names or logos

Confidentiality

Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets and patient records

Responsible mentoring

Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions

Responsible publication

Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication

Respect for colleagues

Treat them fairly and do not outsmart others

Social Responsibility

Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education and advocacy

Non-Discrimination

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity

Competence

Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through life lone education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole

Legality

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies

Animal Care

Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments

Human Subjects Protection

When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits, respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity

• Human Rights

• Copyright Infringement

• Intellectual Property

• Privacy

• Voluntary Participation

• Anonymity

Rights of Research Participants

Human Rights

They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights

Copyright Infringement

It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission of the copyright holder. _______________ means that the rights —— naputol

Intellectual Property

I protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and a commercial value

Privacy

It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him for disturbance of any

Voluntary Participation

People must not coerced into participating in research process. Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the ——— naputol

Anonymity

It is the protection of people’s identity through not disclosing their name or not exposing their ——- naputol

• Research Misconduct

• Plagiarism

Ethical Standards in Research Writing

Research misconduct

• Includes fabricates, falsification, or plagiarism

• This happens when a researcher deliberately alter, plagiarize, or formulate unreliable information or date in his study

Plagiarism

• Refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due credit

• This is the first and most important act that a researcher should avoid as it degrades the skills and credibility