Historical Periods of Philippine Literature and Elements of Short Stories and Poetry

Flashcards covering the history of Philippine literature from 1946-1982, elements of poetry (persona, meter, rhyme), figures of speech, and elements of short stories (characters, setting, plot).

Third Republic

The government established on July 4, 1946, after the United States returned independence to the Philippines.

Period of Independence (1946-1972)

A period characterized by extreme poverty after the war, crisis, and literature focused on nationalism and the search for true Filipino identity.

Period of Activism (1968-1972)

An era marked by youth awakening, protests against government corruption, and literature serving as a weapon for change, particularly through campus publications.

Martial Law (1972-1982)

A period declared by President Ferdinand Marcos Sr. under Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972, which lasted for 9 years.

Proclamation No. 1081

The specific legal proclamation used to declare Martial Law in the Philippines on September 21, 1972.

Martial Law Literature

Literature produced under strict government censorship that used allegory, symbols, and creative language to express the truth and protest against the dictatorship.

Persona

The speaker within a text or poem; it can be a living person, an inanimate object, and can be different from the actual author.

First Person Persona (Unang Panauhan)

A point of view where the speaker directly expresses their own feelings using pronouns like 'Ako' (I), 'Kami' (We), or 'Akin' (Mine).

Second Person Persona (Ikalawang Panauhan)

A point of view where the persona speaks to the reader or a specific person using pronouns like 'Ikaw' (You), 'Mo' (Your), or 'Kayo' (You all).

Third Person Persona (Ikatlong Panauhan)

A point of view where the persona acts as an observer of the situation, using pronouns like 'Siya' (He/She) or 'Sila' (They).

Sukat (Meter)

The number of syllables (pantig) in each line of a poem, with common counts being 8, 12, 16, or 18 syllables.

Tugma (Rhyme)

The similarity of sounds in the final syllables of poem lines, which provides rhythm and melody to the work.

Monorhyme (Isahan)

A rhyme scheme represented as A-A-A-A.

Alternate Rhyme (Salitan)

A rhyme scheme represented as A-B-A-B.

Sequential Rhyme (Sunuran)

A rhyme scheme represented as A-A-B-B.

Talinghaga

The use of indirect or metaphorical language to express meaning in a beautiful way.

Tayutay (Figures of Speech)

Beautiful and attractive words or phrases used to enhance a statement, including Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole, Personification, and Apostrophe.

Tagpuan (Setting)

The element of a short story referring to the time and place where the story occurred.

Round Character (Bilog na Tauhan)

A story character that is complex and undergoes changes throughout the narrative.

Flat Character (Tauhang Lapad)

A story character that does not change or remains simple throughout the narrative.

Banghay (Plot)

The orderly sequence of events within a story.

Five Parts of a Plot

1. Simula (Introduction), 2. Saglit na Kasiglahan (Rising Action), 3. Kasukdulan (Climax), 4. Kakalasan (Falling Action), and 5. Wakas (Resolution).