variations in health status between population groups

biological factor

relates to the structure of new cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function

impacts of obesity

• high blood pressure

• high blood cholesterol

• impaired glucose regulation

impact of obesity on health status and h+wb

• increased blood pressure increases mortality due to stroke

• increase in blood cholesterol increases heart attack incidence

• increased stress from being ill (mental)

• person can socially isolate themselves due to low self esteem (mental/social)

impacts of blood pressure

• hypertension

• heart is working harder than normal causing strain on the heart

impact of bp on health status and h+wb

• increased prevalence of heart attack, CVD, stroke, and kidney disease

• managing high bp leads to reduced workload, reducing purpose in life (spiritual)

impacts of blood cholesterol

LDL cholesterol fat in blood, leading to narrowing of blood vessels; atherosclerosis

impacts of blood cholesterol on health status and h+wb

• heart works harder increasing incidence of heart attack, CVD, and hypertension

• restricting blood flow to brain, disrupting processing info and problem solving (mental)

impacts of glucose regulation

• insulin — responsible for blood glucose levels; glucose helps energy cell production

• impaired glucose regulation

impacts of glucose regulation on health status and h+wb

• increased prevalence of T2D, kidney disease and CVD

• increased stress and anxiety from illness (mental)

impacts of birth weight

• under 2.5kg = low birth weight

• underdeveloped immune systems

impacts of birth weight on health and h+wb

• increased rates of premature mortality: YLL

• relationships between low birth weight and emotional regulation (emotional)

• delayed speech (social)

genetics

• males - testicular and prostate

• women - ovarian

impacts of genetics on health and h+wb

• menopause decreases oestrogen increasing prevalence of osteoperosis

• genetics may increase morbidity of particular diseases in some people

• thought patterns can be genetic; positive/negative (mental)

• immune systems and bodily processes can be genetic (physical)

what are sociocultural factors

the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age

explanation of SES

income, education, occupation

impacts of SES on health and h+wb

• SES influences access to healthcare, so if access is available then resources can be used to prevent diseases, which reduces the morbidity of cancer

• more educated and health literate people means better access to the appropriate healthcare, meaning less stress about their health (mental)

employment status

unemployment = less money for health care and healthy groceries

financial stress increases

impacts of employment status on health and h+wb

• from drug use and stress, there is a higher prevalence of self harm and suicide

• not having the money for healthcare means conditions go untreated and the mortality rate of cancer increases

• lack of employment means that the individual has no purpose in life or lacks purpose (spiritual)

social exclusion (by choice)

caused by mental illness, disability or homelessness, family breakdown

*not participating in the society in which they live in

impacts of social exclusion on health and h+wb

• social exclusion may lead to risk taking behaviour, which can increase the prevalence of cancer and CVD due to stress/drug use

• social networks provide people with a sense of belonging to the world in which they live in (spiritual)

social isolation (not by choice)

people who are not in regular contact with others; elderly and rural people

impacts of social isolation on health and h+wb

• higher mortality rate from CVS as a result of greater alcohol and drug use

• experience depression as a result of less opportunity to discuss feelings and emotions and isolation from others (emotional/social)

cultural background

gender stereotypes, food intake, attitudes and beliefs

impacts of cultural background on health and h+wb

• ATSI have higher morbidity from CVD due to less likely access to hospital treatment as it is not traditional

• males are more likely to suffer work related injuries (physical) as they are more likely to work in labour/gendered roles

early life experiences

behaviours of woman while they are pregnant as well as evens that occur during infancy severely impact health e.g abuse and tobacco use

impacts of early life experiences on health and h+wb

• the use of tobacco during pregnancy reduces the amount of oxygen that crosses the placenta, increasing the levels of carbon dioxide and other chemicals which increases the incidence of low birth weight

• the use of alcohol during pregnancy increases the risk of portal alcohol spectrum disorder, decreasing life expectancy

• FASD can contribute to behavioural issues, which can impact social connections and the ability to form relationships (social)

• maternal smoking contributing to low birth weight can cause respiratory issues, causing the child to not be able to exercise affecting their body weight (physical)

food security

when all people can obtain nutritionally, adequate, culturally appropriate, and safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources - if this access is restricted, this causes food insecurity

impacts of food security on health + h+wb

• if food insecure - there is a heavy reliance of energy dense foods which can increase chance of obesity and then the prevalence of CVD

• undernourishment from food insecurity can cause the immune system to not function adequately which increases the morbidity in individuals related to infectious diseases such as the flu

• if an individual is unaware of where their next meal will come from, they may experience high levels of stress and anxiety (mental)

• without adequate food, individuals have inadequate energy levels to perform daily tasks (physical)

impacts of access to health care on health and h+wb

• if people lack access, conditions go undiagnosed and mortality rates increases with cancer

• lack of healthcare people experience greater levels of stress related to managing conditions (mental)

commercial factors

any type of business that is not government run; manufacturing, energy production, retail, food, tobacco

impacts of commercial factors on health and h+wb

• exposure to air pollution from factories increases morbidity rates due to respiratory conditions such as asthma

• increased consumption of alcohol and high energy foods increases prevalence of T2D

• high consumption of alcohol in the community can increase injuries, accidents and violence (physical)

environmental factors

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. includes workplaces, housing, roads and geographical access to resources, such as healthcare

impact of housing on health and h+wb

• inadequate access to nutrition can increase the prevalence of obesity

• lack of heating and cooling can lead to inadequate sleep, which can then cause high levels of stress and anxiety (mental)

impacts of work environment on health and h+wb

• increased UV exposure within outdoor work environment increases the prevalence of skin cancer

• increased mortality of respiratory disease from exposure to pollution and chemicals

• hazards can increase stress and anxiety or exposure to traumas in emergency service work (mental)

urban design and infrastructure

• sealed roads

• electricity supply

• clean water facilities

• sanitation systems

• public transport

• recreation facilities

impact of urban design + infrastructure on health and h+wb

• if roads are unsealed this can cause the incidence of motor vehicle injuries to increase

• having access to clean water supplies decreases the morbidity of infectious diseases

• family has to take time off of work to transport those who are ill, increasing costs and therefore stress surrounding income + finance (mental)

• having access to telehealth will enable rural people and people not in proximity of healthcare to be able to access their healthcare and therefore recover from illnesses, making them free from illness (physical)

climate and climate change

• extreme weather events

• loss of human and animal life

• droughts

• heat waves

impacts of climate on health and h+wb

• bush fires cause air pollution through the smokes, which can increase the incidence of respiratory diseases

• severe weather conditions like floods and bushfires can increase mortality rates due to injury or tragic events

• droughts and floods can cause extreme stress and anxiety on individuals (mental)

• kids may lose purpose for school when struggling through a drought, which reduces them from socialising with others, therefore their relationships are not productive (social)

statement 1:smoking

smoking speeds up process of atheroclerosis, increasing blockage of blood vessels to the heart and brain, increasing mortality of heart attack and stroke

statement 2: smoking

tobacco causes faults in the body cells leading to tumours and increasing mortality and morbidity rates of cancers

statement 3: smoking

smoking and second hand smoking lowers immune systems, increasing morbidity and prevalence of infectious diseases such as pneumonia, cold, flus

statement 1: alcohol

alcohol contains kilojoules, which if not used will be stored as adipose (fat) tissue, increasing DALY rate of T2D + CVD

statement 2: alcohol

when alcohol is metabolised a chemical is created that causes damage to DNA and cells, which can lead to tumours, causing an increase mortality + morbidity in cancers such as mouth, throat, stomach, bowel, and liver

statement 3: alcohol

alcohol is filtered through the liver, excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring to the liver, increasing risk of chronic liver disease and cancer, causing self assessed health status to be low

statement 4: alcohol consumption while pregnant

consuming alcohol when pregnant can lead to premature birth, low birth weight, and foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, increasing under 5 mortality, increased YLL, and increased prevalence of cognitive disorders.

1. obesity

fat tissue associated with obesity contributes to higher levels of a growth hormone, which speeds up cell division, increasing the chance of an abnormal cell being created, increasing the risk of cancer and contributing to DALY

2. obesity

obesity can cause a greater strain on the heart, increasing the risk of hyper tension, heart attack and stroke. this increases the morbidity of CVD and atherosclerosis

3. obesity

overweight + obesity can increase the risk of high BP and T2D, both contributing to kidney disease, increasing mortality and DALY

4. obesity

being overweight can lead to excessive pressure on joints leading to higher morbidity rates of osteoarthiritis

nutritional imbalance

fibre provides feelings of satiety without adding energy to the diet. low intake can therefore contribute to overeating, which can then contribute to obesity and cause T2D

low fibre intake

fibre adds bulk to faeces and assists in keeping the digestive system clean, reducing the risk of cancerous cells developing — colorectal cancer

underconsumption of fruits and vegetables

decrease in calcium intake, which plays a key role in the hardening and strengthening of bones, leading to increase in morbidity rates of osteoperosis

underconsumption of fruits and vegetables

fruit and vegetables before and during pregnancy, includes folate consumption which supports the proper development of the neural tube during early pregnancy - can lead to under 5 mortality due to neural tube defects;spina bifida

underconsumption of dairy

calcium also plays a significant role in hardening of teeth enamel, low intake increases the risk of dental caries

fat

diet high in saturated fat damages cell membranes which interferes with glucose regulation, increasing morbidity of T2D

salt

high levels of sodium draw fluid out of cells, into the bloodstream increasing blood volume and increasing the strain on the heart and therefore hypertension, increasing risk of heart attack/stroke

sugar

excess sugar is stored as adipose fat, leading to weight gain and obesity, increasing mortality rates of CVD