Unit 1-2; The Renaissance to the Wars of Religion

Coligny

Protestant leader during the 16th century who played a prominent role in the French Wars of Religion and promoted religious tolerance and peace between Catholics and Protestants

John Knox

A Scottish Protestant reformer who played a key role in the Scottish Reformation and was a leading figure in the establishment of Protestantism in Scotland.

Protestant Resistance Theory

The idea that Protestants have a right to resist or rebel against rulers who attempt to impose religious persecution or tyranny.

Pacificaiton of Ghent

A treaty signed in 1576 during the Eighty Years' War, aimed at restoring peace and unity among the Dutch provinces by temporarily suspending religious persecution and foreign intervention.

Eighty Years War

the Dutch War of Independence between the Dutch rebels, who were seeking independence from Spanish rule, and King Philip II. The Dutch provinces, predominantly Protestant, opposed Philip's efforts to enforce Catholicism and centralize power. This led to a series of uprisings and rebellions. ended with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648

Act of Uniformity

Legislation passed in England in 1559 that enforced religious conformity by requiring the use of the Book of Common Prayer in all public worship services, marking a significant step in the establishment of the Church of England.

Spanish Armada

A fleet of ships assembled by Spain in 1588 with the intention of invading England. It was defeated by the English navy and harsh weather, marking a turning point in European naval dominance.

Charles IX

King of France with his reign was marked by the French Wars of Religion, including the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre.

Philip II

King of Spain from 1556 until his death in 1598. He was known for his involvement in various European conflicts, including the Spanish Armada, and for his efforts to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in his realms.

Act of Succession

Legislation passed by the English Parliament in 1534, declaring Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn valid and his marriage to Catherine of Aragon invalid. It established the succession of his children, with Anne's children as heirs to the throne.

Caravaggio

Italian Baroque painter known for his dramatic use of light and shadow and his realistic depictions of religious subjects and everyday life.

eucharist

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed as the body and blood of Christ, according to the beliefs of many Christian denominations.

William of Orange

a leader of the Dutch provinces' resistance to Spanish rule, which was enforced by Philip II of Spain. He played a central role in the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), which ultimately led to Dutch independence from Spain.

Mannerism

rebelled against the balance and symmetry in the composition of Renaissance art; distress

Breugel

Mannerism

The Peasant Dance-a lively scene of peasants dancing outdoors. It is celebrated for its detailed portrayal of rural life and the joyous atmosphere of the dance

Dante-The Inferno

Renaissance

depicting the journey through Hell guided by the Roman poet Virgil. It describes various levels of Hell and the punishments suffered by sinners, offering moral and theological insights.

Shakespeare

Northern Renaissance

English playwright and poet of the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Boccaccio-The Decameron

Northern Renaissance

a collection of stories told by ten characters who have fled Florence to escape the Black Death. It's a masterpiece of Italian literature, containing tales of love, humor, and tragedy.

Chaucer

Northern Renaissance

Canterbury Tales-a collection of stories told by pilgrims journeying to Canterbury Cathedral. It offers a rich tapestry of medieval life, with tales ranging from romance to satire.

antiquity

greco-roman civilization

Pisan

humanist

best known for her works advocating for the rights of women and promoting their education and equality

Joint-Stock Companies

businesses owned by shareholders who invest money in the company by buying shares. Each shareholder owns a portion of the company based on the number of shares they hold. This allows the company to raise capital by selling shares without the need for individual ownership or partnerships

Dutch Golden Age

a period of prosperity and cultural flourishing in the Dutch Republic during the 17th century

Burckhardt-The civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

italy was the birthplace of the modern world however he exaggerated individuality and secularism

l’uomo universale

a well rounded person

Hanseatic League

a commercial and military association in north german coastal towns

Castiglione- The book of the Courtier

Renaissance

book defining traits that the nobility during the Renaissance should have

Francesco Sforza

Took over Milan and was successful in creating centralized territorial state

Cosimo de Medici

ruler of Florence who ran gov from behind the scenes and dominated during the cultural Renaissance

Federigo da Montefeltro

Ruled Urbino, he was into classicism and was feared by his people although he was honest

Peace of Lodi

ended italian wars for forty years

Sack of Rome

a time of fighting between powerful European groups for control over Italy. Soldiers, angry because they hadn't been paid, attacked Rome, causing chaos and looting

Machiavelli- The Prince

Renaissance

a guidebook for rulers on how to gain and maintain power, often emphasizing acting on behalf of the state not on morals

Renaissance Humanism

intellectual movement based on the study of the CLassical literary works of Greece and Rome (humanities)

Petrarch

called the "Father of Humanism" for his role in reviving interest in classical literature and thought during the Renaissance. best known for his lyric poetry, particularly his sonnets, which greatly influenced later poets and writers. He also wrote extensively on topics such as philosophy, history, and politics.

civic humanism

emphasis on Man as actively engaged in the world as the center of power

Bruni-The New Cicero/History of the Florentine People

Humanist

book about how intellectuals had a duty to live an active life for their state

emphasis on secularization throughout history

Valla- The elegances of the Latin Language

Humanist

purify medieval Latin and restore Latin to its proper position over the vernacular

Neoplatonism

idea that human perfection and happiness were attainable in this world, without awaiting an afterlife

Ficino

supporter of Neoplatonism; translated many of Plato's dialogues; key figure in the development of Christian Neoplatonism, blending elements of Platonism with Christian theology. He believed in nonplatonic hierarchy of substances and theory of spiritual love

Hermeticism

a dualistic faith that portrays the body of men and their interactions with the material world as being antagonistic to the soul

Bruno

Hermetic who believed “god as a whole is in all things”. The existence of an infinite and homogeneous universe filled with countless worlds similar to our own

Mirandola- oration on the dignity of man

Humanist

hermetic who emphasizes the unique abilities of humans to choose their own path, transcend their earthly limitations, and aspire to divine knowledge

Vergerio- Concerning Character

liberal arts were important in education

Guicciardini History of Italy/History of Florence

analyzed history using secularization and critically analyzed it

Gutenberg Bible

first true book the west produced from movable type

Masaccio

Renaissance Art

Cycle of frescoes-depict scenes from the life of Saint Peter and are celebrated for their emotional depth, realism, and skillful portrayal of human figures

Botticelli

Renaissance Art

Primavera- a scene of mythological figures in a lush garden. The painting is rich in symbolism, with figures representing various aspects of springtime and fertility. It's celebrated for its graceful composition, vibrant colors, and intricate details

Donatello

Renaissance

Bronze David-sculpture is celebrated for its realism, dynamic pose, and expression of youthful strength and courage

Brunelleschi

Renaissance Artist

The duomo-constructed using innovative techniques and features a double-shell structure, making it one of the largest masonry domes ever built

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance Artist

the last supper- renowned for its composition, perspective, and the emotional depth of the figures

Raphael

Renaissance Artist

School of Athens-symbolizes the pursuit of knowledge and the unity of philosophical thought, with Plato and Aristotle at the center representing the two main philosophical traditions. capture the essence of intellectual inquiry and humanistic ideals.

Michelangelo

Renaissance Artist

David-masterpiece of Renaissance art, symbolizing courage, strength, and the idealized human form

Bramante

Italian architect and painter of the High Renaissance characterized by harmony, balance, and classical elements inspired by ancient Roman and Greek architecture. His designs often featured geometric forms, domes, and symmetrical layouts

Jan van Eyck

Northern Renaissance

Giovanni Arnolfini and his bride-celebrated for its meticulous attention to detail, use of light and shadow, and the portrayal of the material wealth and social status of the subjects

Durer

Northern Renaissance

Adoration of the Magi- depicts the biblical scene of the three wise men presenting gifts to the infant Jesus, Mary, and Joseph. known for its intricate detail, dynamic composition, and expressive figures

Wars of the Roses

wars were fought between House of Lancaster and York. The conflict stemmed from disputes over the rightful succession to the English throne, as well as broader issues of power and governance.

Henry VII

first Tudor monarch of England. He ended the Wars of the Roses, stabilized the kingdom, and strengthened royal authority. His reign focused on financial prudence, diplomatic alliances, and legal reforms.

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

monarchs who ruled over large parts of Spain. They are best known for their marriage, which united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon and laid the groundwork for the unification of Spain.

Northern Artistic Renaissance

the flourishing of art and culture in Northern Europe during the Renaissance period and was marked by its own distinctive style, focusing on intricate detail, naturalistic portrayal, and religious symbolism, often influenced by the burgeoning humanistic movement.

Julius II

"Warrior Pope," he was actively involved in military campaigns and political affairs, seeking to expand the Papal States and assert papal authority in Italy. He was a patron and remembered as one of the most dynamic and ambitious popes of the Renaissance.

Simony

practice of buying or selling spiritual things, such as church offices, sacraments, or indulgences, for monetary gain

Hus

He advocated for church reform, emphasizing scripture and the role of the congregation

Council of Constance

It aimed to end the Western Schism, during which there were multiple claimants to the papacy. The council succeeded in deposing the rival popes and electing Martin V as the legitimate pope, restoring unity to the Catholic Church

Wycliff (lollards)

English theologian and reformer who criticized the practices of the Catholic Church and advocated for church reform.

Christian Humanists

to change society, must first change the human beings who compose it

Erasmus- Handbook on the Christian Knight, Annotations, The Praise of the Folly

Northern Renaissance

Handbook on the Christian Knight-inner piety not dogmatic belifs and practices

Annotations- his bible

Praise of the Folly- abuses of clergy

More- Utopia

Northern Renaissance

communal ownership rather than private property

pluralism

a situation in which people of different social classes, religions, races, etc., are together in a society but continue to have their different traditions and interests

Kempis- The Imitation of Chirst

at the day of judgment we shall not be examined by what we have read/done/spoken but by how religiously we have lived

Luther

Began the protestant reformation

Ninety five Theses

indictment of the abuses in the sale of indulgences

Diet of Worms

Luther called to Reichstag by Charles V (HRE) and told to recant his ideas but Luther refused

The Peasants War

Peasants revolted and tried to get Luthers support but he denounced them because he needed support of the princes to spread protestantism

transubstantiation

the miraculous transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of Christ

Habsburg-Valois Wars

disputes between Charles V and Francis I over territories

Schmalkaldic War

war fought between Charles V and the princes in the HRE

Peace of Augsburg

granted legal recognition of lutheranism and said German Ruler could decide religion of its subjects

Anabaptists

baptism of adults instead of babies

antitrintarians

denied the trinity

Predestination

the idea that your ending place is predetermined for you

Huguenots

French Calvanists

Henry VIII

English monarch who created the Angelicin Church because he wanted a divorce

Reformation Parliament

A new Parliament under Henry VIII that supported his annulment

Act of Supremacy

declared the king of england as the supreme head of what became known as the church of england

Treason Act

in england, it made it so people couldn’t deny the King as head of the church

Bloody Mary

she aimed to restore catholicism after Henry VIII but failed due to killing of protestants and marrying Philip II

Pope Paul III

pope who summoned the council of trent

Jesuits

absolute obedience to papacy

Ignatius Loyola-The Spiritual Exercise

founder of the jesuits and wrote about submitting to god through the church

Council of Trent

Gathering that was overpowered by Papacy that resulted in no changes being made to the church

Index of Forbidden books

Pope IV made a list of protestant books that catholics couldn’t read

puritans

protestants who were inspired by Calvanist theology

Elizabeth I

queen of England who great at handling the religious problems and foreign policy

Act of Supremacy

designated Elizabeth as the only supreme governor of this realm, as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes, in temporal

Mary Queen of Scots

the hier to the throne after Elizabeth who wanted to return catholicism in England however was beheaded once she tried to kill Elizabeth

Virgin Queen

Queen Elizabeth

Battle of Lepanto

Philip II win against the turks which suggested a change in the direction of the spanish

Catherine de Medici

a valois monarchy member who was in power during the french wars of religion. She allowed the St Bartholomew’s day massacre of the guise

Henry of Navarre

a calvanist who married the catholic sister of the Valois King but was the only Henry in the war of the three henries to survive