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Soil
superficial layer of earth, developing under the influence of soil-forming factors and conditions.
complex, polyfunctional, open, polyphase, structured system, forming superficial layer of the lithosphere
vertically and horizontally structured natural body a constituent of the system geosphere-biosphere natural resource, economically exploitable
Fertility
consits of by complex of physical, physicochemical, chemical and biological soil characteristics
Potential fertility (natural)
is determined by soil development - it is a soil potential to provide a crop without human activity
Effective fertility
is real fertility after human influence - usually higher – can be also lower
sand
between 0.05 and 2
could be rounded or angular
prone to drought
smaller part of plant content
free drainage and air pass
pores relatively large
silt
between 0,05 and 0,02
quarz and weatherable minerals
smooth and silky
pourus a lot and small
reitain water!
soil washed away is flowing water
compaction
form of physical degradation in which soil biological activity and soil productivity for agro forest cropping are reduced resulting in env consequences away from immediate area directly effected
effects of soil compaction
increse bulk density, decrease porosity, microbial activity
rooting
decrease of infiltration
problems with cultivation
no musture and no air
histosol
dark soil composed of som in waterlogging conditions
cherozem (mollisol)
think dark layer with som and nutrients
pedzol (spodosol)
think yellow light soil rich in iroon and alluminium
pedosphere
one of the geomembranes, it controls exchange of matter and energy between the other spheres
functions of soil
food and biomass production
env interaction (storage, filtering, transformation)
physiscal and cultural heritage
platform for structure (buildings)
biological habitat
gene pool
source of raw materials
threats for soil
biodiversity loss
erosion
salinity
soil sealing
soil contamination
loss of som
soil compaction
flood and landslides
main couses for soil loss (quality)
non agricultural exploitation
unproper agricultural exploitation
salinisation
wind erosion
water erosion
contamination with toxic compaunds
acidification
physical and biological changes