Anatomy and Physigoly Midterm

THIS IS HER QUIZLET

Anatomy

The study of the structures and shape of the body
Including the different components and their relation to one another

Physiology

The study of how the body and the different components function to sustain life​

Anatomical Position

To stand upright with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Axial Region

Head, neck, and trunk Forms the main axis of the body

Appendicular Region

Limbs and appendages
Connected to the axis

Superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Medial

Toward the midline of the body
On the inner side

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body
On the outer side

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment to the trunk

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment to the trunk

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves or sections

Frontal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves or sections

Transverse Plane (Cross Section)

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and Inferior (lower) halves or sections

Dorsal Body Cavity

Part of the axial region of the body, encased in bony structures for protection that houses the nervous system organs
Contains the cranial cavity and Vertebral Cavity

Cranial Cavity

Holds the brain
Encased by the skull

Vertebral (Spinal) Cavity

Holds the spinal cord within the bony vertebrae

Ventral Body Cavity

Part of the axial portion of the body, less protected but allows more mobility
Houses the visceral organs
Contains the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Holds heart and lungs
Protected by the ribs and chest muscles
Contains the pleural and pericardial cavities

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Holds the abdomen and pelvis
Contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Synovial Cavities

Joint cavities (knee, hip, elbow)

Maintaining Boundaries

Separate 'inside' from the 'outside'
Include inner boundaries like the cavities

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Breaking down complex materials
Building larger molecules
Produce energy (ATP)
Regulated by hormones

Reproduction

At the cellular level: reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair
At the organismal level: reproduction is the production of offspring

Nutrients

Used for energy and cell building
Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Can survive 40-50 days without food

Oxygen

Required for chemical reactions
Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular system
Can survive up to 15 minutes without O2 (unlikely though)

Normal Body Temperature

About 98.6°F
Below- chemical reactions happen too slowly and stop
Above- chemical reactions proceed too rapidly
Can survive up to 30 minutes at freezing temps (32°F or below)

Homeostasis

the stability of the internal environment and the mechanisms that maintain that stability

Feedback Mechanism

the process by which a certain function is regulated by the amount of the substance it produces in order to maintain homeostasis

Positive Feedback Loop

A feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

Negative Feedback Loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

Histology

The study of tissues

Epithelial Tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
avascular- no blood supply

Simple Epithelium

One layer of epithelial cells

Stratified Epithelium

More than one layer of epithelial cells

Squamous Cells

Flattened and scale-like epithelial cells
Can be simple or stratified tissue

Cuboidal Cells

Cube-shaped epithelial cells
can be simple or stratified tissue

Columnar Cells

Tall and column shaped epithelial cells
can be simple or stratified tissue

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Non-striated
Found in walls of the stomach, uterus, intestines, bladder, arteries, veins, and eyes
contract involuntarily

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Striated and branched
found in the heart muscle
contracts involuntarily

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Striated
connected to the bones
contracts voluntarily

Neurons

10% of all nerve cells
Convert stimuli into nerve impulses
Able to regenerate very slowly

Neuroglia

Make up the other 90% of all nerve cells
Support and protect neurons
Do not generate nerve impulses
Able to regenerate after injury

Bone

Connective tissue
2 types: spongy and compact
Osteocytes- bone cells

Cartilage

Connective Tissue
Don't have nerves or blood vessels
More flexible than bone
Chondrocyte- main cell type

Hyaline Cartilage

Found in the larynx, bridge of the nose, and ribcage

Elastic Cartilage

Found in the outer ear and the tip of the nose

Fibrocartilage

Found in intervertebral discs

Connective Tissue Proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Mast Cells (blood component)

Detect foreign substances
Contain granules that secrete inflammatory chemicals

Macrophages (blood component)

Engulf invading substances or organisms using pseudopodia (false feet)

Red Blood Cells (blood component)

Carry Oxygen

White Blood Cells (blood component)

Provide immune response

Cranium

the skull, especially the part enclosing the brain.
Axial

Cervical Vertebrae

vertebral bones in the neck
axial

Thoracic Vertebrae

the second set of vertebrae; form the outward curve of the spine behind the thoracic cavity

Lumbar Vertebrae

Vertebral bones in the lower back
axial

Clavicle

collar bone
appendicular

Ribs

The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs
axial

Scapula

shoulder blade
appendicular

Humerus

upper arm bone
appendicular

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm
appendicular

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm
appendicular

Carpals

wrist bones
appendicular

Metacarpals

hand bones
appendicular

Phalanges

bones of the fingers and toes
appendicular

Pelvic Girdle

hip bones
appendicular

Femur

upper leg/ thigh bone
appendicular

Patella

kneecap
appendicular

Tibia

The shin bone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.
appendicular

Fibula

calf bone,
The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Appendicular

Tarsals

ankle bones
Appendicular

Metatarsals

foot bones
Appendicular

Long Bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide
Mostly located in the limbs
Act as levers to aid in movement

Short Bones

cube shaped bones that tend to be as wide as they are long
Provide support and stability with little movement

Sesamoid Bones

special types of short bones formed within tendons
Sesame shaped

Flat Bones

These bones are thin and often have a slight curve with a larger surface area for attaching muscles
Function in protection mostly

Irregular Bones

Have a highly specialized shape and structure specific to their function

Spongy Bone

Less organized than compact bone
Have trabeculae

Trabeculae

the latticework of thin bony plates in spongy bone tissue

Compact Bone

Osteons are the basic structural unit

Osteons

Cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
Made up of Lamella
Haversian canal runs through

Lamella

weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
Make up osteons

Haversian Canal

runs through middle of each osteon and provides blood supply, nutrients, nerves

Osteocytes

mature bone cells housed within the lacunae

Lacunae

gaps between the lamellae

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

Fibrous Joints

Held together by fibrous connective tissue
holds the bones tightly together

Cartilaginous Joints

bones held together by cartilage
Immovable or slightly moveable

Synovial Joints

freely movable joints that contain a fluid-filled joint capsule and articular cartilage

Gliding Joint

allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

Hinge Joint

Allows flexion and extension e.g. elbow and knees

Flexion

Bending in a way that decreases the angle of a joint

Extension

Straightening of a joint

Hyperextension

going beyond anatomical position