PCR 15-1

mostly caused by Streptococcus mutans

Dental Caries

treated by removing plague

Gingivitis

treated by fluoride, fillings, and extraction

Dental Caries

treated by cleaning pockets of bacteria

Periodontitis

gums are pulled away from teeth

Periodontitis

swollen, soft, and red gums

Gingivitis

Periodontitis can complicate the following ______________.

infective endocarditis, cardiovascular disease, infective arthritis, premature babies

Which bacteria is most common pathogen to cause food-borne illness?

Salmonella

Which is the most common source of foodborne disease?

Restaurant

Staphylococcal food poisoning

Has the shortest incubation period

Clostridial food poisoning

commonly contaminated with meat, poultry, and fish

In regard to staphylococcal food poisoning.

key reservoir of the organisms are nasal sneeze and skin abscesses, identified by mannitol salt agar, toxins are made in protein-rich foods, refrigerator is not a good instrument to keep food safe

In regard to food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringes.

is commonly contaminated with meat, poultry, and fish, endospore survives to produce enterotoxin, has abdominal cramping and watery diarrhea, and supportive care is good enough

Organisms that cause food poisoning has the following characteristics

they are mainly gram positive organisms, they produce enterotoxin, they require supportive treatment such as hydration

caused by neurotoxin that inhibits release of acetylcholine

Clostridial food poisoning

treated by anti-toxin and ventilators

botulinum toxin

botulinum toxin

infant botulism

occurs when toxins are produced in anaerobic tissue of wounds

wound botulism

used to relieve facial wrinkles

botulinum toxin

cause floppy baby syndrome

infant botulism

Which is an invasive gastroenteritis?

typhoid fever

Which is an inflammatory gastroenteritis?

cholera

Which organism is very sensitive to stomach acid?

Virbio cholerae

Regarding cholera

cholera toxin cause loss of fluid and electrolytes through diarrhea called rice water stools, caused by consumption of raw oyster and water, treated by antibiotics and rehydration, vaccine is available

can lead to toxic megacolon and intestinal rupture

pseudomembranous colitis

watery diarrhea resulted from effacement of microvilli

EPEC

is the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in US

Parahemolyticus vibrios

treated by metronidazole, vancomycin

pseudomembranous colitis

requires prompt treatment with empirical antibiotics aggressively

Vulnificus vibriosis

produce heat-labile enterotoxin similar to cholera toxin

ETEC

caused by taking antibiotics that inhibit normal flora, which hypercolonize Clostridium difficile

pseudomembranous colitis

linked to sepsis in patients with liver diseases and to primary wound infection

Vulnificus vibriosis

outbreaks of infantile diarrhea

EPEC

traveler’s diarrhea

ETEC

produce heat-stable toxin too

ETEC

common in unpasteurized milk and poultry products and pet turtles

campylobacteriosis

transmitted via the fecal-oral route

shigellosis

transmitted by flies, food, fingers, feces, and fomites

typhoid fever

produce shiga toxin

shigellosis, EHEC

antibiotics is not necessary

Yersinia enterocolitica

can cause Guillain-Barre syndrome

campylobacteriosis

bloody stools with rose spot on the skin

typhoid fever

has complication of toxic megacolon and hemolytic uremic syndrome

shigellosis, EHEC

carriers should be controlled especially in food handlers

typhoid fever

dysentery is seen with abdominal pain, bloody mucous stools

shigellosis

transmitted by taking undercooked pork

Yersinia enterocolitica

A 67-year-old man had surgery for a ruptured sigmoid colon diverticulum with an abscess. A repair was done, and the abscess was drained. He was treated with intravenous gentamicin and ampicillin. Ten days later and 4 days after being discharged from the hospital, the patient developed malaise, fever, and cramping abdominal pain. He had multiple episodes of diarrhea. His stool was positive for occult blood and the presence of polymorphonuclear ells. On sigmoidoscopy, the mucosa was erythematous and appeared to be inflamed, and there were many raised white to yellowish plaques 4-8 mm in diameter. Which of the following is the likely cause of the patient's problem?

Clostridium difficile toxins