Chechen

Eastern Church & Islamic invasions

The Church was severely threatened , being robbed , beaten , and killed by Muslims . They sought help from the west .

Blessed Pope Urban II ( 1095 )

Called for the first crusade in 1095. He used it as a defensive mechanism against Islam .

Indulgences -definition & how you get them

The remission of temporal punishment due to per sonal sins , the guilt of which has already been forgiven in the Sacrament of Penance . Given to soldiers who would fight for Christians in the crusades .

First Crusade ( 1099 )

Consisted of 4 armies , most organized but left the Holy Land vulnerable . It recaptured Nicaea , Antioch and Jerusalem .

2nd Crusade ( 1144 ) fall of Edessa

The Muslims recaptured Edessa . The French tried to defend Jerusalem , but the crusade failed .

3rd Crusade ( 1187 ) Saladin

Saludin and his army recaptured the True Cross . This crusade was called as a response .

4th Crusade ( 1204 ) sack on Constantinople

The relationship between the East and West was damaged , and innocent Muslimswere killed . Many Jewish people were also wrongfully killed .

List positive & negative effects of the Crusades

Positive : Halled Muslim advance into Europe , improved defense weapons , opened trade routes , eastern ideas flooded into the west . Negative : Innocent pople were killed , the relationship between the east and the west was permanently damaged .

Innocent III ; nationalism vs. Christendom

He was one of the most popular popes of the middle ages , who saw the unity of Christians as a way to combat the meddlesomeness of the state and the belief in the dominance of ore's nation , culture , race or country over others . The idea that Jesus Christ and His teachings influence all areas of culture in a unified way

4th Crusade , Republic of Venice ; Alexis III & Isaac

Called for by Innocent III to unite Christions . They offered assistance to the Christians in the form of ships , if the Christians removed this emperor of Constantinople . The favorite of the Venetians who made false promises to the crusaders

Peter Murrone - Celestine V

Ahermit that was asked to be Pope and took this name . He governed a short time and Found it difficult .

Boniface VIII & Philip IV ; Clericis Laicos & Unam Sanctam

Elected after Celestin V , called an antipope , and continued a field between the Holy See Stated the clergy couldn't be taxed without papal adrocacy , and stated for a soul to be saved , the person must surrender authority to the pope .

Clement V moves to Avignon ( 1307 ) ; Avignon Papacy / Babylonian Captivity

He moved to be loyal to king IV . This is similar to when ancient Babylonians brought the Israelites out of the Promised Land .

Gregory XI & St. Catherine of Siena ( 1377 )

Moved the papacy back to Rove . This person sent letters to persuade him to do so .

Urban VI vs. Clement VII ( antipope ) & Great Western ( Papal ) Schism

Urban was elected pape but was rejected by French cardinals who elected Clement . The split that occured when they both claimed to be pope .

Who votes for the pope ?; where do they vote ?; votes needed ? Black vs white smoke ; Habemus papam

The cardinals of the world vote after several days of debate in Rone . Two thirds of the ( under 80 ) Cardinal's voles are reeded . Black smokke in St. Peter's Square signals no pope vet , and white smoke says a decision is made . This means " We have a pope ! "

Council of Pisa ( 1409 ) & Alexander V

A disastrous Council that attempted to solve the western Schism . It deposed both popes . and elected Alexander V.

Council of Constance ( 1414 ) & Martin V ( 1418 )

Met again to solve the western Schism and was successful . He was voted to the Chair of St. Peter as the 206th Bishop of Rone .

cathedral schools \> Universities

Educated the public and grew the clergy . These provided training in specific areas of study .

University of Bologna

The oldest university still in existence . It's in Italy and has been operational since the 1800s

trivium & quadrivium

The three ways of university : Latin grammar , the foric , and logic . The step after Bachelor of Arts : the four ways of arithmetic , geometry , astronomy and music .

Aristotle's Metaphysics

A new text From the east brought by the crusaders . It Fascinated the thinkers of the west .

scholasticism

A new System of theological and philisophical inquiry from the East . It en couraged the studuts to use logical reasoning to discover the truth of a particular work or idea .

Peter Lombard & Book of Sentences

Refired scholasticism by questioning the truth of the subject matter . He wrote this using the Church Fathers relation to the book of Revelation , which became part of every core curriculum in the university system .

Mendicant orders / friars / why strict poverty ?

They lived in society and begged and served the people . They are called this , meaning " brothers " , and they beg to exemplify the humility and the simplicity of Christ , substituting worldliness with Godliness .

Romanesque architecture - characteristics ?

Larger than the basilicas that preceded it but are modest in size . Round arches , thick walls , large toners , small windows , and gloomy are characteristics .

Gothic architecture - characteristics ?

Soared compared to Romanesque and allowed for more light . Crisscrossed arches , pillars for support , high walls , Staired glass windows , Flighing buttresses and brick arches are characteristics .

vernacular / Dante's work / Chaucer's work

Native language that is being written in . Dank wrote the Divine Comedy and Chaucer wrote the Canterbury tales

Giotto de Bondone - famous work ? Father of ?

An artist from Florence who painted frescoes as long as the Life of St. Francis in upper Basilica in Assisi . He is known as the " Father of Renaissance . "

Albigensian heresy

Based on the Gnostic traditions , it saw no worth to the world or the body . They saw Suicide and abortion as positive and loathed marriage , also encouraging poverty .

Dominic de Guzman

Founded the Dominicans , or the Order of Preachers . He also fought Albigensians .

Rule of St. Augustine & Order of Preachers ( their motto )

used by th Dominicans as a way of life . Their motto on their coat of arms is " To Praise , To Bless , To Preach . "

Rosary

Used by Dominic as a means of converting heretics . He sought Mary's intercession . For Albegensian conversion .

Dominicans notoriety for ? ( 2 things )

Thy gaired notoriety for their intellectual prowess and love for education . They founded many monasteries in schools and became known as keepers of the faith .

St. Thomas Aquinas / Angelic Doctor

A Dominican, the most influential theologian and philosopher in the history of the Church . He is known as this throughout the Church .

St. Albert the Great / the dumb ox

The teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas . Thomas was brilliant , but silent in class , so his peers named him this . Albert defended him .

Summa Theologica

St. Thomas ' teachings and explanation of almost every single teaching of the Church . One of the greatest . works in Church History that relies heavily on the use of Sacred Scripture and the writings of Aristotle .

Five proofs

Written by St. Thomas Aquinos to prove Gods existence .
1. Argument From Motion
2. Argument from Efficient couses .
3. Argument from Possibility and Necessity ( Reductio argument )
4. Argument From Gradation of Being .
5. Argument From Design

his mystical vision \> my writings like straw

Before he died , Thomas Aquinas saw a vision of Heaven while celebrating Mass . He said he's seen so much , his writings are small like straw .

John Duns Scotus

A contemporary and critic of St. Thomas Aquinas ' use of Aristotle . He staked Aquinas relied on Aristotle's philosophy too heavily .

the moral life ; virtue & vice ; Plato

What a person must do to live a life that is good and avoids evil . A good hubit and a bad habit . Ancient Greek philosopter who questioned the world .

Four Cardinal virtues

The Four virtues On which a good life can be built upon . They are prudence , justice , temperance and for titude .

Prudence

A virtue of the will or the mind . You have a good habit of thinking about important things , like God First .

Justice

The good habit of seeking the goodress that okers deserve . You don't take advantage of others , and seek the common good for all .

Temperance

The virtue related to the habit of self control A temperate person has the habit of balancing good things and avoiding over doing it or under performing

Fortitude

Courage , or the virtue that helps us over come fears . The habit of facing our fears and doing what is necessary , it goes hand in hand with justice .

Three Theological virtues

Talked about as the three gifts they can aquire by the Grace of God . They are Faith , Hope , and Charity .

Faith

The habit of believing in what God has revealed about Him self to the world . It is through this we Know God is real and without error .

Hope

Me habit of trusting that there is salvation for the human person . The opposite of hope is despair .

Charity / love

A specific type of love that seeks the good of another despite the reeds of creself . The decision to love God above all things

Seven capital vices / seven deadly sins vs. Seven Lively Virtues

Seven Spiritual traps a person can fall into that do damage to the soul vs. He remedies to them . They are pride and humility envy and gratitude , anger and patience , sloth and diligence , avarice and charity , gluttony and moderation , and lust and chastity .

Pride vs. Humility

Pride is the mood of all sin , where a person puts themself above all things . Humility is the remedy for pride , putting the reeds of each other before your own .

Envy vs. Gratitude

Envy is despising another for having something we do not . Gratitude is it's combatant virtue , the recognition and gratefulness for the goodness we have in our lives .

St. Gianna Molla quote

" The secret of happiness is to live moment by moment and to thank God for what ife is sending as every day in His goodress . " She teacks us to count our blessings often

Anger Jesus anger ( " righteous " ) vs. vice of anger

Jesus teaches us that it is dhay to be angry when we hear about unfair things , and he should be propelled to do the right thing . The vice of anger is the tendency to respond to conflict with wrath or the reed for vengeance .

St. Paul & vengeance ; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr & violence

St Paul to the Romans : " Be loved , never avenge yourselves , but leave it to the wrath of God ; for it is written , ' Vengeance is mire , I will repay , says the Lord . Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speaks of how violence multiplies evil , rather than defeating it .

Patience

The virtue which a person is able to endure difficulty , persecution, or other obstacles . Wihout losing control of their disposition or emotions . It takes time to perfect , but is the response to the vice of anger

sloth vs. diligence

Sloth is the failure to do the things we ought to be doing to put ourselves in the right relationship with God and our righbor Diligence is its remedy , the attentiveress to what is important in order to do good , and rely on God for the rest .

avarice vs. generosity

Also known as greed , avarice is the habit of an uncontrolled apetite for wealth and possessions . Generosity remedies it by wanting to give to those in greatest reed .

gluttony vs. moderation

Gluttony involves overindulging constantly , or extravagance in food . Moderation , to not deny yourself but not over indulge , is it's remedy .

Sexuality gift from God ; 2 purposes

Sexuality is a gift from God in his design of the human person It brings unity between a couple , and strengthens their bond . It is procreative and brings new life .

Lust vs. chastity

Lust is the habit of misusing sexuality for our own desire . It's remedy is chastity , or the proper use of human sexuality according to ore's particular state in life .

Avignon Papacy

7 popes , 70 years

After Boniface VIII dies → Benedict XI elected ( died after 8 months by poison), then what?

Cardinals are deadlocked for over a year on who should succeed
Benedict Elected Clement V ( French )

Clement V ( French )

loyal to King Philip IV ( French )
Left Rome →→ Moved to Avignon , France
French monarchy controlled the Church for their own interests

Avignon papacy was known as the

" Babylonian Captivity of the Church "

Pope Gregory XI

Persuaded by St. Catherine of Siena to return the papacy to Rome .
Agrees moves back in 1377

After Gregory XI...

Under pressure , cardinals elected / Pope Urban VI ( Roman ) - invalid , forced election

Unhappy French cardinals when Urban was elected did what?

French cardinals were unhappy and returned to France .
Said the election of Urban VI was invalid because they were pressured into it
Decided to hold a new election in France with all French cardinals .

4th vow of Dominicons

Scholarship

French cardinals elected a new man to be pope →

Clement VII

Clement VII

" antipope " → Not actually the real pope , but people believe that he is .

With two men claiming to be pope , the Church was split .

Great Western Schism
Different nations rallied around the man they believed to be pope for political gains .
It didn't matter to some who was really the pope ; many made their choice based on forming political alliances .

Council of Pisa ( 1409 )

Many bishops and cardinals gather in Pisa , Italy to fix the schism .
Decide to declare that neither the Roman pope or the French pope were valid .
Named a new man to be pope → Alexander V

The Council of Pisa was rejected by

both the Roman pope and French antipope !

Post Pisa, who claimed to be pope?

Rome - True pope (Urban VI)
Avignon - Antipope (Clement VII)
Pisa - Antipope (Alexander V)

Council of Constance ( 1414-1418 )

The Roman pope and the French antipope eventually realized they needed to both step down to fix the Great Western Schism. The antipope in Pisa had no support and was deposed .
With no one claiming to be pope , the council was able to elect a new man to be pope : Martin V

The Great Western Schism lasted

40 years ( 1378-1418 )

3 attempts to end Great Western Schism

1. when I pope dies will his faction give up ? Urban dies and the Italian cardinals DON'T give up , they have an election . Then clement died , Same story
2. Council of Pisa - Meet halfway and call a council , elects Alexander V Pope hever called council , so no one steps down and now there is з popes
3. Council of Constance

6 Causes of the Split

1. Filioquo Controversy 598
2. 2nd Council of Nicaea ( 787 ) vs the Council of Frankfurt ( 794 )
3. Crowning of Charlemagne 800AD - Emperor of the Western a Roman Empire ( Holy Roman Emperor )
4 . Fighting over the Slavic Lands
5 . Cultural differences
6. Humbert vs. Cerularius

Filioquo Controversy 598

Bishops didn't invite the bishops of the east to the council
" And the Son " was added to the Creed

2nd Council of Nicaea ( 787 ) vs the Council of Frankfurt ( 794 )

Bad monks encourage people to buy precious stones to make icons . Peasants sell their land thinking they'll be later blessed . Emperor Leo III ( of the East ) orders the smashing of the icons ( iconoclast controversy ) Anytime the Church calls a council it must be written in both Greek and Latin Icons can't be used
Stoplight : exceptions to the rule of icons

Crowning or Charlemagne 800AD - Emperor of the Western a Roman Empire ( Holy Roman Emperor )

Grandson of Charles Martel ( Battle of Tours , " The Hammer " ) Calls the Council of Frankfurt , the pope agrees and allows
The Church in the East is wrong for saying that icons can't be used
Should've just been Emperor of the Franks
Pope Leo III in the middle of Mass on Christmas Day places a crown on Charlemagne , giving him the title Emperor of the Western Roman Empire ( Holy Roman Emperor ) - Saying Romans are holy and the Greeks are not
Patriarch of Constantinople says the western Roman Empire is gone , and the pope is gone - Because the pope was moved to Constantinople
Peter died in Rome so the pope is in Rome - bishop of Rome is the most important
Leo is thinking politically

Fighting over the Slavic Lands

Both send missionaries here , to try and have them loyal to their Churches

Cultural differences

West - unleavened bread ; East - leavened bread
West Latin ; East - Greek
Married clergy

Humbert vs. Cerularius

Cardinal Humbert - sent by Pope Leo IX ; hated the East ( oil and water - can't be mixed ) ; thought he would be the next pope - Leo IX is on his deathbed , sends Humbert , worst person to be sent
Humbert called patriarch " yes man " - he couldn't disagree with the eastern Roman Emperor - Cerularius: Patriarch of Constantinople

476

Roman Empire ruled by Barbarian
Third Sack of Rome

1071 ( Meinzinkirt in Turkey )

Two ships entered Rome , had soldiers with them
Celjuk Turks saw them and believed they were under attack
Used oil to light the ships on fire
Celjuk Muslims were bad , Arab Muslims wanted Catholics to come to the holy land
made the Muslims believe a battle for the holy land was iminent

1094-41 years post Schism :

Byzantine emperor tells the patriarch of Constantinople to immediately go to Rome and ask for soldiers to defend against the Muslims , if they do , Byzantine will immediately recognize the pope as the head of the church . The pope immediately accepts

1095

Crusades

Indulgence

Textbook : remission from a temporal sin , the guilt of which was already forgiven in penance so that sin should already have been forgiven )
Real : a pardon for an earthly sin to be suffered in purgatory , if truly sorry

4th crusade

ruined the relationship between the East and the west ( saw crusaders as the bad popes army )

Results of the Crusades (positive)

Tre bu che ( catapult ) , moats and siege towers all introduced because of the crusades
People buy spices (There were only two ways of preserving food: Salting / Brining ( Ireland / Italy ) & Smoking / Drying- Hiding the taste of decay in meats)
Arabic numbers used instead of Roman Numerals Really Indian numbers , but the Arabs made use of it

Results of the Crusades (negative)

massacre of non - combatants ( people who didn't fight in the way were attacked and for popes image )

630

Muhammad conquers Mecca

637

Umar conquers Jerusalem

1070

Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem

1071

Battle of Manzikurt - Turk vs. Constantinople

Positive Crusade

1 ) 1095 seed to attempt to reunite East and West . 2 ) New Goods - rice , coffee , lemons , spices and textiles ; City states ; Renaissance 3 ) new military equipment 4 ) Greco Roman works , Math 5 ) slowed advance of Islam 6 ) end of western feudalism

Crusade Negative

1 ) Geeeks embittered with sack of Constantinople 2 ) massacres of non - combatants 3 ) papacy lost control of the crusaders 4 ) consolidated Islamic world 5 ) failed to free holy lands