American History

separation of church and state

the situation in which the government may not favor any religion or establish an official religion

Establishment Clause

First Amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion," cannot form state-sanctioned religion

Free Exercise Clause

First Amendment requires that the law cannot prevent freedom of beliefs and practices in any faith, or not

Jefferson Bible

Cut out miracles to focus on ethical teachings

Muslim Slaves

Jefferson believed that anyone, including Muslims should have access to citizenship, creating inclusivity and diversity

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Frontier Thesis

The frontier had created American character and that a lack of frontier will be negative, as people an always look to the frontier if needed.

Panic of 1893

Ac economic downturn and stock market crash caused largely by factory overproduction leading businesses to seek overseas markets.

Hawaiian Coup

U.S. businessmen and missionaries overthrew Queen Lili'oukalani, which was presented to President Cleveland who declined it.

Theodore Roosevelt

Secretary of Navy, who believed young men could benefit from war, sends a telegram to Commodore Dewey to destroy Spanish fleet. He takes office after McKinley is assassinated at the World's Fair.

Spanish-American War

"splendid little war" which lasted only 5 weeks where 3,000 Americans died, mostly of disease

General Valeriano Weyler

General who was sent to put down the rebellion and used hard techniques in war.

Reconcentración Camps

Weyler put women and children into camps so they would not be able to support the men fighting, and many died from disease and starvation.

The Maine

266 die from an explosion caused by a coal fire, but made it seem like it was Spain.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Philipine-American War

Philippines wanted independence who had already been fighting the Spanish, but then the guerillas turn against U.S. The U.S. military tortures them with water cures, concentration camps leading to 200,000 deaths, and spraying villages with petroleum and setting on fire.

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire as they were concerned with conquering land, as it caused chaos and believed war was dangerous

Amigo Warfare

The guerilla fighters posed as friendly peasants during the day, then fought for the rebel army at night

Water Curing

Forcing water down their throats and pushing the stomach to force it out, then repeating the process

General Jacob Smith

The U.S. General who ordered his soldiers not to take prisoners, but ordered that they were killed and burned

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Roseto Effect

A finding that a high level of social support within a group has protective health effects

Italian Unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi unifies the peninsula, as the Italian republic, which made things worsen for Southerners because taxed increased

The Black Hand

Terrorist organization that preyed on non-criminal Italians who demanded percentage of their income or there would be consequences

David Hennessy

chief of police who helped Italian immigrants and was assassinated and said the "dagos got me" as he lay there dying

Giuseppe Petrosino

An immigrant who became a police officer and infiltrated the Black Hand resulting in hundreds of arrests, until he goes back to Italy for a case where he is murdered

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Blank and Harris known as the "shirtwaist kings" profited from the illusion of a tiny waist, as this became popular fast fashion emerged proving to be more disposable than previous fashion. Most workers were immigrants from Italy, Poland, and Russia

1909 International Ladies' Garment Workers'

Union strike

Started at the Triangle, where many people doubted their concerns because it was a "good factory" and it goes on for months, as the owners paid prostitutes, boxers, and police to work against the pickers

Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

owners of the Triangle Shirtwaist factory, battled against the shirtwaist strikers and despite their efforts to shut down the workers, and had to pay 75$ per deceased member

Sullivan-Hoey Fire Prevention Law

required sprinkler systems to be installed in all factories

World War I

July 1914-November 1918 where approximately 10 million died, 117,000 were Americans. Ottoman Empire centered in Turkey, the Christian groups wanted independence. Greek Revolt in 1821, connection Ancient Greeks and seek independence. Serbia wants independence and Bosnia ends up under Austro-Hungarian Empire. Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Location of Sarajevo, where the assassination of Franz Ferdinand took place sparking the Great War took place in 1914 and blamed Serbia sending a list of demands

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, started World War I

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand who was an ethnic Serb living in Bosnia seeking to annex Bsonia to Serbia

Ethnic Nationalism

nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group

The Lusitania

Germans sink British ship as they suspect it is being used for war aims, which turns out to be true, number of Americans on the ship were small because of warnings from Germany

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership and self-determination, associated with the lower class that ethnic groups have right to determine their own fate

The Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Self-Determination

the right of people/ethnicities to choose their own form of government or to govern themselves, but Wilson does support these movements from British and France

The War to End All Wars

the concept that no one who witnessed it would ant to see another war and the idea that the Paris Peace Conference could solve future problems

The Armistice

an agreement to stop fighting from Germany is sought, which is signed on November 11 where the ceasefire will be at 11am

Henry Gunther

The last man killed in WWI at 10:59 a.m.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty particularly known for its harsh reparations towards the Germans after World War I

"Peace Without Victory" Speech

Woodrow Wilson made this speech in regard to treating the Germans with dignity after the war and not humiliating them to get revenge

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Helen Keller

American female author, radical socialist, lecturer; first deaf-blind person to earn B.A. She wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King.

American Civil Liberties Union

organization to protect rights of the people, usually with Communist or Socialist views (Helen Keller was a founder)

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime which spread outward from New Orleans

Creole

Refers to at first, children born to French or Spanish settlers and mixing cultures and race

Storyville

Legalized prostitution, brothels held musicians

Jelly Roll Morton

Played piano in a brothel and publishes perhaps the first jazz composition in 1915

Louis Armstrong

Likely born to a prostitute and his first wife was a prostitute, toured on Mississippi River Boats with his band, was sent to a boys' reform school learned a little cornet

Bix Beiderbecke

Met Louis Armstrong in Davenport, Iowa who becomes one of the first virtuosos in jazz and his parents kick him out, he develops alcoholism and dies at 28 years-old

Prohibition

outcome of attempts to limit drinking and improve people's lives, shift to hard liquor in the 19th century led to more domestic abuse, addiction, and unemployment rates

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Volstead Act

law enacted by Congress to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment, but banned substances above 0.5% alcohol and written by Wayne Wheeler the Anti-Saloon Leage

Roy Olmstead

Bootleggers out of Seattle after refusing to accept prohibition and being fired from the police department and fined $500. Smuggled alcohol from Canada, paid individuals to stay silent

George Remus

After defending bootleggers in court and listening to the fines the judges instilled, he realized that the Volstead Act had its flaws and became his own drug company losing shipments called "The Circle," and hauled alcohol to a distribution center making millions

Mabel Walker Willebrandt

Assistant Attorney General and put in charge of Prohibition enforcement policies, hired and organized her own squad of lawyers to replace ignorant or corrupt attorneys and persuaded there be a fleet of Navy and Coast Guard to intercept smugglers off of the Florida coast. She took down the Big Six and the Big Four.

Ninteenth Amendment

Guaranteed women the right to vote in 1920

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools, convicted but then overturned on appeal for teacher

Leopold and Loeb

Teenagers in Chicago from wealthy families who were attending college and believed they were ubmenschen (Superman) and decided to commit crimes because they did not think people were smart enough to catch them until they kill 14-year-old Bobby Franks

ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)\`a

It defends and preserves the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country

Human Evolution

represents the evidence-based, scientific understanding of the origin and development of humanity

Social Darwinism

"survival of the fittest" can be applied in society

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

William Jennings Bryan

Opposed teaching evolution because he thought it made people less loving, king, moral

Clarence Darrow

Most famous defense attorney at the time had defended two serious cases a bombing and Leopold and Loeb

John Scopes

Tennessee high school teacher offered to help as a test case with ACLU to the Butler Act about the law that was passed a year before forbidding the teaching of human evolution in school

Hunter's Civic Biology

The textbook John Scopes used to teach his science class; contained the theory of evolution

Herbert Hoover

President during the Great Depression, Quaker orphaned young, goes to Stanford as the first class there and becomes mining engineer, helps evacuate Americans from Europe when WWI starts. Involves self with food relief, first in Belgium and becomes head of Food Administration when U.S. enters the war.

Great Humanitarian

Nickname for Hoover after he fed the Belgians and becomes head of Food Administration (meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays)

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

Hoovervilles

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Woody Guthrie

American songwriter and folksinger who flourished in the 1930s, writing numerous songs about social injustice and the hardships of the Great Depression years; two of his best-remembered songs are "This Land is Your Land" and "So Long, It's Been Good to Know Yuh." Had "This Machine Kills Fascists" on his guitars as his father was involved with lynchings and joined the KKK

No-Man's Land

Plains where Native Americans did not engage in agriculture, because it was not suitable for humans to live off this land

1909 Homestead Act

Government gave away poor-quality land to those who agreed to make it agricultural, as "wheat will win the war" and best chance at land ownership

Great Plow Up

11 million more acres are ploughed up as wheat becomes vital to the war effort

The Dust Bowl

Man-made ecological disaster, heavy drought and dust storms take over the plains causing great loss and lack of finances

Black Sunday

A day in April 1935 in where people thought that it was over, but ultimately was massive storms made of dirt moving through states and shorted out vehicle and static electricity made metal glow

Eugenics

Good genes, bolstered ideas about ethnic nationalism and superiority in the "scientific" ways

Racial Integrity Act of 1924

made marriage between black and white people illegal, one drop of blood into law and any African heritage meant "colored"

Pocahontas Exception

1/16 or less Native American could still be white because top families claimed descent from Pocahontas

Sterilization Act of 1924

Forced sterilization of institutionalized persons

Carrie Buck

person whose case became the symbol of the eugenics (and forced sterilization) movement as she challenged the Sterilization Act of 1924, but loses

Buck v. Bell

1927 supreme court decision that upheld a state eugenics law. The law had allowed for sterilization of the "unfit" and had Carrie Buck sterilized

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Justice in supreme court who was quoted "three generations of imbeciles are enough" and sterilized Buck, her mother, daughter, and sister

Nuremberg Trials

Buck v. Bell quoted to defend their sterilization program and 80,000 Germans were sterilized

Franz Boas

father of modern American anthropology; argued for cultural relativism and historical particularism

Cultural Relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms and not judging it by using your own culture

Father Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Shinto

A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japan offered to liberate Southeast-Asian countries from western colonial rule but instead used them as conquered land for natural resources