IB Bio - Metabolic Reactions SL

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enzymes

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globular proteins with tertiary or quaternary structure that catalyse biochemical reactions; not consumed during reactions

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active site

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where specific substrates can attach to and where reactions are catalysed

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38 Terms

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enzymes

globular proteins with tertiary or quaternary structure that catalyse biochemical reactions; not consumed during reactions

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active site

where specific substrates can attach to and where reactions are catalysed

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the induced fit model

the model that shows that when the substrate enters the active site, it triggers a change in the 3D shape of the enzyme that allows a tighter fit

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lock and key model

the model that shows that enzyme and substrate complement each other precisely in terms of shape and chemical properties; not used anymore

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things that can affect the rate of activity in enzymes

temperatur, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration

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denaturations

when the tertiary or quaternary conformation (beta sheets and alpha helices) of a protein is destroyed; and therefore, there is no longer a functional active site

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immobilised enzymes

enzymes that are fixed to a static surface to prevent enzyme loss; they can be reusec

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lactase immobilisation with alginate beads

milk containing lactose is passed through alginate beads containing lactase; the immobilised lactase converts lactose into glucose and galactose as the milks flows through

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nucleotides

the basic structure of DNA and RNA; monomers that include a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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DNA bases

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

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RNA bases

adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine

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purines

bases with two rings in their structure; adenine and guanine

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pyrimidines

bases with one ring in their structure; thymine, uracil, and cytosine

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phosphodiester bond

the covalent bond that links nucleotide units together to form a polynucleotide; forms between the phosphate group attached to the 5’ of one sugar and the hydroxyl group attached to the 3’ of another sugar

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replications

the formation of a new DNA molecules during the S phase that results in two identical copies of the DNA in the daughter cells

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enzymes used during replications

  • helicase: unwinds the double helix and separates the two DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases

  • DNA polymerase starts making the new strands of DNA using the parent strands as templates

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transcription

the coding information is copied or transcribed into the mRNA; the single stranded mRNA that is made follows the complementary base pairing rules of DNA except uracil replaced thymine in mRNA

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translation

mRNA binds to a ribosomes to synthesize polypeptides according to the genetic code

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tRNA

transfer RNA brings a specific amino acid to the mRNA; they have an anti-codon that pairs with a codon of the mRNA

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cellular respiration

the gradual and controlled release of energy by breaking down organic compounds ro produce ATP

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3 main processes of cellular respiration

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain

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anaerobic respiration

cell respiration that takes place without the presence of oxygen; occurs in the cytoplasm as only glycolysis is involved; produced 2 ATP

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alcohol fermentation

when yeast respired anaerobically to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

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lactic acid fermentations

anaerobic respiration in animals when lactate is produced

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aerobic cell respiration

cell respiration that takes place with the presence of oxygen; occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain are all involved; produced 36 ATP; produced carbon dioxide and water

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photosynthesis

the reaction of carbon dioxide and water using energy from light to produce carbohydrates and releasing oxygen as a waste product

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chloroplast

the organelle where photons are captured and photosynthesis takes place

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the pigments that makes chloroplasts look green

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

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the action spectrum

shows the efficiency of photosynthesis or rate of photosynthesis achieved over the various wavelengths of light from the visible spectrum

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the absorption spectrum

shows which wavelength of visible light is absorbed by a particular photosynthetic pigment such are chlorophyll a or b as measured by a spectrometer

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photolysis

the stage of photosynthesis in which water is split by light by photons; generates hydrogen ions (which is used later in photosynthesis), electrons (which is used to generate ATP), and oxygen (a waste product); light-dependent

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the Calvin cycle

the light-independent reaction where carbon dioxide reacts with water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen

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limiting factors of photosynthesis

light, carbon dioxide, temperature

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the earliest photosynthetic organisms

prokaryotes called cyanobacteria that appeared on Earth around 3500 million years ago

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chromatography

the technique used to separate the mixture of substances based on the movement of the different substances on a piece of paper by capillary action

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ethanol in chromatography

used to separate the pigments

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codon

a set of three consecutive bases in RNA

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RNA polymerase

separates DNA strands of the double helix and joins the ribonucleotides together by phosphodiester bonds to form mRNA