Flash cards

Hobos

Unemployed individuals who lived in temporary shelters like hobo jungles or Bennettbughs.

Hobo Jungles

Settlements of unemployed people living in makeshift shacks.

Police Actions towards Hobo Jungles

They raided and destroyed them.

Margin Buying

Buying stocks without paying full price, relying on loans.

Risk of Margin Buying

It depended on borrowed money and could cause huge losses.

Overproduction

Producing more goods than could be sold, leading to factory closures.

Overexpansion

Companies expanded too quickly, overestimating future demand.

Primary Industries in Canada

Wheat, pulp, paper, fish, and minerals.

Impact of Demand Decline on Canada’s Primary Industries

Industries suffered and laid off workers.

Natural Disasters Intensifying the Depression

Drought and grasshopper infestations.

Credit Buying

Buying goods on installment plans – 'buy now, pay later.'

Result of Goods Bought on Credit during the Depression

They were often repossessed.

Canada’s Economic Dependency on the US

The US stopped buying Canadian exports during the Depression.

Impact of Tariffs on Canada during the Depression

Foreign tariffs reduced exports, worsening the economy.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929 – the day the stock market crashed.

Value Lost on NYSE during the Crash

$9 billion in value, 16 million shares.

Loss by Canadian Companies in the Crash

$300 million.

On-to-Ottawa Trek

A 1935 protest by relief camp workers seeking better conditions.

Number of People in Relief Camps

20,000.

Goal of the On-to-Ottawa Trek

Demand higher wages, better conditions, and political rights for workers.

Stopping Point of the On-to-Ottawa Trek

Regina, due to an RCMP training camp.

Outcome of the Protest in Regina

A protest turned into a riot; 130 arrested, 2 killed.

Leader of the On-to-Ottawa Trek

Arthur 'Slim' Evans.

The Dole

Government relief during the Depression.

Requirements to Qualify for the Dole

Publicly prove you had no money, radio, car, or phone.

Humiliation of Applying for the Dole

It required exposing your poverty and being judged.

Canadians on the Dole by 1933

1.5 million.

Residence Requirement for the Dole

At least six months.

Canada's Prime Minister from 1930–1935

R.B. Bennett.

Bennett’s Response to the Depression

Work camps, unemployment relief, tariffs, and a proposed New Deal.

Bennett Buggies

Cars pulled by horses because people couldn’t afford gas.

Public Opinion on Bennett

His policies were seen as ineffective, and he refused to raise taxes on the wealthy.

Prime Minister Before and After Bennett

Mackenzie King.

Mackenzie King's Tenure as Prime Minister

1921–1926, 1926–1930, and 1935–1948.

King’s Approach to the Depression

Reluctant to intervene; believed churches and families should help.

King's Refusal to Conservative Provinces

5 cents of relief money.

Leader of the Union Nationale

Maurice Duplessis.

Main Ideas of Duplessis

Quebec autonomy, support for farmers, traditional values, anti-communist.

Party Led by JS Woodsworth

Co-Operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF).

CCF Advocacy

Welfare state: pensions, healthcare, workers' rights, insurance.

Leader of the Social Credit Party

William Aberhart ('Bible Bill').

Social Credit Belief to End the Depression

Giving adults $25 monthly to stimulate the economy.

Controversy of Aberhart’s Plan

Only federal gov could print money.

Leader of the Communist Party of Canada

Tim Buck.

Communist Party Belief

Capitalism caused the Depression; supported revolution and no private ownership.

Outcome for Tim Buck

He was arrested and imprisoned in Kingston.

Leader of Canada’s Fascist Party

Adrien Arcand.

Arcand's Beliefs

Nationalism, racism, authoritarianism; blamed capitalism and banks.

Year of the Spanish Flu Pandemic

1918.

Reason Behind the Name 'Spanish Flu'

Spain, being neutral, reported on it when others did not.

Global Death Toll from Spanish Flu

50–100 million.

Canadian Death Toll from Spanish Flu

About 50,000.

PEI's Action During the Spanish Flu

It quarantined itself from mainland Canada.

Impact of Spanish Flu on Daily Life

Schools closed, public transport halted, gatherings cancelled.

Transportation Technology Booming in the 1920s

Automobiles.

Most Popular Car of the 1920s

Model T Ford.

Cost of a Model T

$424.

Infrastructure Developed Due to Cars

Roads, gas stations, signs, parking lots.

Year Ontario Introduced Driver's Licenses

1927.

Early Speed Limits in Canada

32 km/h in cities, 56 km/h in country areas.

Advantage of Trucks for Businesses

They could carry larger loads.

Communication Technology Spread in the 1920s

Telephone and radio.

Major Improvement in Telephones in 1927

Combined handset with mouthpiece and earpiece.

What are 'Talkies'?

Movies with sound, starting in 1927.

First Talkie Movie

The Jazz Singer.

Electric Household Items Emerging in the 1920s

Washing machines, vacuums, stoves, hair dryers.

Unintended Effect of Household Appliances

Increased expectations for cleaning.

Life Expectancy Change in the 1920s–1930s

It increased slightly; women could expect to live to 52.

Discoverers of Insulin

Frederick Banting and Charles Best at U of T in 1922.

Health Innovations Introduced in 1920

Bandaids and Q-Tips.

Goal of the Famous Five

To have women legally declared 'persons.'

Supreme Court Ruling on Women's Personhood

1929.

Overturning of Supreme Court Ruling

By the British Privy Council.

Definition of a 'Flapper'

A rebellious 1920s woman with short hair, short dresses, who drank and smoked.

Rights Lacking by Women in the 1920s

The vote and personhood under the law.

Dominant Women's Basketball Team

The Edmonton Grads.

What was the Matchless Six?

A group of Canadian women who excelled at the Olympics.

Groups Facing Discrimination in the 1920s/30s

Chinese, Jewish, Black, Indigenous, LGBTQ+ Canadians.

Cause of the Christie Pits Riot

A swastika was unfurled at a Jewish baseball game.

Goal of the Winnipeg General Strike

Better wages, working conditions, and union recognition.

WWI’s Contribution to Canadian Autonomy

Canada fought separately and gained international recognition.

Event at the Paris Peace Conference (1919)

Canada signed the treaty independently.

Organization Joined by Canada in 1919

League of Nations.

Chanak Affair

Canada refused to send troops to support Britain without debate.

Halibut Treaty Significance

The first treaty Canada signed independently (with the U.S.).

Byng-King Crisis Explained

A conflict over whether the Governor General could dissolve Parliament.

Establishment from the Byng-King Crisis

The Prime Minister, not the Governor General, holds power.

Year Canada’s Embassy in Washington Established

1927.

Statute of Westminster (1931) Effect

Gave Canada full legal freedom from British laws.

Who was Dr. Hastings?

Toronto’s Medical Officer of Health in 1911.

Advocacy of Dr. Hastings

Better living conditions and sanitation in slums.

Toronto's First Action due to Dr. Hastings' Influence

Pasteurize milk.

Goal of Residential Schools

Assimilate Indigenous children into white Canadian culture.

Year First Residential School Opened

1831 (Mohawk Institute).

Year Last Residential School Closed

1996.

Effects of Residential Schools

Intergenerational trauma, cultural loss, identity crises.

Dr. Peter Bryce's Role

A medical officer who exposed death and abuse in residential schools.

What did Dr. Bryce call the situation in his 1922 report?

'A national crime.'

Outcome for Dr. Bryce

His work was suppressed by the government.