anisci lec exam 4

what are the 5 animal welfare freedoms?

freedom from hunger and thirst
freedom from discomfort
freedom from pain, injury, and disease
freedom to express most normal behaviors
freedom from fear and distress

(avian digestive system)

crop - proventriculus - gizzard - duodenum - small intestine - ceca - colon - cloaca

(ruminant digestive system)

esophagus - rumen - reticulum - omasum - abomasum - small intestine - cecum - colon - rectum

(hindgut fermenter digestive system)

esophagus - stomach - small intestine - cecum - large colon - small colon - rectum

functions of water:

temp regulation
joint lubrication
chemical reactions
waste excretion

functions of carbohydrates:

converted to fat
energy
heat

functions of protein:

lean tissue
enzymes
hormones
metabolites
excess for energy

functions of fats:

insulation
temp regulation
energy storage

functions of vitamins:

regulate body functions
growth
metabolism

functions of minerals:

enzymes
skeletal system
fluid balance
acid/base balance
oxygen and nerve function
protein synthesis
immune system

ranking of most important tissues:

1. Skeletal
2. Muscle
3. Fat

what can muscle fatigue be caused by

ATP depletion
conduction failure/ion imbalance
drop in pH

what is an endemic disease?

a disease constantly present in a population

What is habituation?

reduced response to repetitive stimuli

What is sensitization?

an increased behavioral response after exposure to stimuli

what is observational behavior?

behavior learned by observing others

what is associative behavior?

behavior responding to punishment/rewards

What is classical conditioning?

Learning by association

What is operant conditioning?

learning through consequences

what is animal welfare?

animals being treated humanely

what are animal rights?

animals having rights equal to humans

what strategies does PETA use

anthropomorphism, focus on high-profile issues, employing celebrities

What does the Humane Society of the United States focus on?

litigation and lobbying

What are Fraser's 3 conceptions

basic health and functioning
affective states
natural living

what are the inputs and outputs of assessing welfare

what's going in vs. how the animals respond

what is the single largest cost in animal production

nutrition

what is mechanical vs chemical digestion

physical breakdown of food vs changing chemical structure of food

what is absorption?

movement of nutrients into a cell

how do avians digest food?

with organ w/ stones to grind feed into smaller sizes

what do hindgut fermenters have?

large cecums that ferment feed

(monogastric digestive system)

esophagus - stomach - small intestine - cecum - colon - rectum

What are the 6 categories of nutrients

water, carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals

how is water lost?

milk, sweat, feces, urine, lungs

how much water should be consumed by BW %?

5-6% of BW

How do ruminants use carbs?

Microorganisms in rumen generate volatile fatty acids

examples of monosaccharides:

glucose, fructose, galactose

examples of disaccharides

lactose, sucrose, maltose

What cannot be digested by livestock?

lignin and cellulose

Who is non-protein nitrogen useful for

ruminants

essential vs nonessential amino acids

Essential: Must be taken in through diet
Non-Essential: Body manufactures

what % of lipids do most foods contain, and what % should they not exceed

5%, 10%

What vitamins are fat-soluble, and who are they essential for?

A, D, E, K, monogastrics and ruminants

What vitamins are water-soluble, and who are they essential for?

B, C, monogastric only

Describe roughages:

source of carbs, high fiber
pasture, hay, sileage

Describe concentrates:

carb source
grains, energy by-products

describe energy by-products

distillers grains
corn gluten
beet pulp
food waste

What are the 3 types proteins:

animal/plant by-products, non-protein nitrogen

list animal by-products

meat/bone meal
blood meal
fish meal
feather meal
dried skim milk

list plant by-products

wet/dry distiller grains
corn gluten
cottonseed meal
soybean meal

What is non-protein nitrogen?

urea

list 4 non-nutritive additives

color
flavor
antibiotics
health & digestion

what development occurs in prenatal growth?

tissue, skeletal, organ, etc

what is hyperplasia?

increase in fiber number

what is hypertrophy?

increase in fiber size

what is postnatal muscle growth primarily?

hypertrophy

what is accretion?

growth by gradual buildup

what type of growth curve is more profitable?

a steep curve

describe muscle tissue growth:

fastest early in life

describe bone growth:

decreasing rate, mostly complete by puberty

describe fat growth:

fastest near maturity

what is intra-abdominal fat?

fat deposited in abdominal cavity

what is subcutaneous fat?

fat deposited under skin; backfat

what is intermuscular fat?

fat between muscles

what is intramuscular fat?

fat within muscles; marbling

sex differences in fat:

Female > castrated > uncastrated

sex differences in weight:

Uncastrated > castrated > female

what is compensatory growth

A period of accelerated growth that follows a time of nutrient restrictions

what is nutrient partitioning?

Utilization of nutrients is partitioned among various tissues and organs according to their physiological importance

ranking of most important organ systems:

1. Nervous
2. Circulatory
3. Respiratory
4. Digestive
5. Reproductive

after partitioning, what do remaining nutrients go towards?

Growth
Finishing
Production
Work
Reproduction

what is a positive energy balance?

when an animal has enough nutrients to meet all its needs

what is a negative energy balance?

when nutrient intake does not meet needs

what is the goal of hormone modification of growth

to stimulate production of growth hormone through raising the levels of other hormones

Federal Gov disallows for hormones to be added into what animal products?

pork and poultry products

what are beta agonists?

Synthetic chemicals which shift nutrients away from fat production to the promotions of lean muscle growth

what are antimicrobial growth promotants

Antibiotics used in animal feed since 1950s

Describe anaerobic metabolism

Glucose
Lower ATP yield
Faster
Cytoplasm
Products: lactic acid

Describe aerobic metabolism

Glucose and oxygen
Greater ATP yield - more energy
Slower
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
Products: CO2 and water

what are acute adaptations

changes in physiology that occur during or soon after exercise

what are chronic adaptations

changes in physiology occurring in response to regular exercise

describe steady-state training:

Longer duration
Lower intensity
Aerobic metabolism
Slow-twitch muscle - increase muscle endurance

describe interval training:

Shorter duration
Higher intensity
Anaerobic metabolism
Fast-twitch muscle - increase muscle size

what happens when ATP is depleted and muscle can no longer contract?

muscle fatigue and cramps

describe the different types of diseases:

Clinical disease - signs of disease readily apparent
Subclinical disease - no overt signs of disease
Acute disease - sudden onset of clinical signs, short duration
Chronic disease - signs develop slowly, last for a long time
Zoonotic disease - passed between animals and humans

list the most common signs of diseases:

Appetite loss
Listlessness, depression
Droopy ears
Head held low, arched back
Isolate
Coughing, wheezing, labored breathing
Stiff, labored movement
Loose stools

What is pathogenicity?

ability of an organism to cause disease

What is virulence?

severity of disease and the ability to overcome the animal's immune system

what are endo vs ecto parasites?

inside body vs outside body

(acquired immunity chart)

immune lines of defense:

innate barriers -> innate immune cells -> acquired immunity

what should be avoided when administering medication to livestock

high value meat cut areas

types of vaccines:

Live - weak or modified form that does not produce disease
Killed/inactivated - proteins or small pieces of pathogen
Toxoid - toxin produced by pathogen
Biosynthetic - artificial substance similar to pathogen of interest
mRNA - gives body the mRNA instructions to make viral antigens that the body then produces an immune response to