Biol& 160 Chapter 1-3 Exam

What is a population?

All the organisms of one species living in a habitat

What is a community?

A group of populations living and interacting in an area.

What is an ecosystem?

all of the living and nonliving things interacting in an area

What is an emergent property?

a property which a collection or complex system has, but which the individual members do not have

What are the 5 characteristics of all life?

Organized, Energy, Homeostasis, Reproduction/Growth/Development, Evolution

What is an organelle?

A cell structure that carries out a specific function in the cell

What is an organ?

group of tissues

How does homeostasis work?

Specific organs and structures must communicate with each other in response to changes in the body

How do sexual organisms look after successfully reproducing?

The offspring will look genetically different compared to both parents.

What is taxonomy?

the science of naming and classifying organisms

How is life classified?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Define Biology

The study of life

What is a hierarchy of life?

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

What is an atom?

Smallest form of life

What is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded together

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

What is an organism?

An individual living thing

What is the biosphere?

all life on earth

What are the two ways that organisms produce?

Asexual and sexual reproduction

How do asexual organisms look after successfully reproducing?

The offspring will look identical to the singular parent.

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes are unicellular but Eukaryotes are multi-celled.

Which is the most and least inclusive level?

Prokaryotes are the least inclusive and Eukaryotes are the most inclusive.

What are the characteristics of Bacteria?

Single cells with no distinct nuclei.

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

Nature's decomposers and has nuclei

What are the characteristics of Animals?

Multicellular and heterotrophs.

What are the characteristics of Plants?

Multicellular and autotrophs.

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?

Autotrophs produces their own food. Heterotrophs consume producers.

Explain the scientific name for organisms and their use in identifying two closely related organisms

The Linnaean system assigns each species a two-part scientific name composed of Greek or Latin words.

Describe the steps of the scientific method

Observe, make a hypothesis, collect data, publish results, form a theory, develop new hypothesis, revise theory

What is a hypothesis and prediction?

A hypothesis is an idea that can be tested using experiments. Prediction is what will happen if the hypothesis is correct.

Explain the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory.

Hypothesis is an observation that can be tested. Theory is an explanation that is well justified by facts.

What are some limits of scientific inquiry?

Work based off of knowledge can't be observed.

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

What is an element?

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

How does the periodic table arrange elements?

By atomic number

What are some common elements in organisms?

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus

How is the atomic number determined?

by the number of protons

What is an isotope?

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

How many electrons make a stable first and second shell?

The first shell has 2 electrons while the second shell has 8 electrons

Describe the role of the valence electrons in chemical bonding.

Helps with chemical bonding. Oxygen has 6 valence electrons.

What is the difference between a stable vs a neutral atom?

Neutrons are neutral. A stable atom has a net charge of 0.

What are covalent bonds?

sharing of electrons

How many electrons make up single bonds?

2 electrons

How many electrons make up double bonds?

4 electrons

How many electrons make up triple bonds?

6 electrons

How are the covalent bonds in water different from the covalent bonds in methane?

The bonds of water qualify as polar covalent bonds. The elctronegativity value of carbon is 2.55 while that of hydrogen is 2.2

Explain ionic bonding

Strong attraction between ions

Explain hydrogen bonding

When a slightly positive hydrogen atom is attracted to a more negative atom.

What does it mean when atoms in a molecule have partial charges? How is this related to hydrogen bonds?

One atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly, so it has a partial negative charge.

What are some unique properties of water?

- water has a high heat capacity

- water has a high heat of evaporation

- water is a solvent

- water is cohesive and adhesive

- frozen water is less dense than liquid water

Why is water a good solvent?

because of its polarity

What types of molecules are hydrophobic and hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic molecules tend to repel or avoid water, like oil. Hydrophilic dissolve in water, like salt.

What is happening at the molecular level when a solute dissolves in water?

The ionic bonds present in the salt are broken because the covalent bonds in the water are stronger than the ones in salt.

What is pH?

measure of hydrogen ion concentration

What ion determines pH of a solution?

Hydrogen ion concentration.

What is an acidic and basic solution?

pH under 7 is acidic. pH over 7 is basic.

How do buffers help regulate pH in living systems?

It neutralizes any added acids or base to maintain a moderate pH.

Name four biological molecules.

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

The monomer and polymer for carbohydrates.

Monomer: monosaccharide

Polymer: polysaccharide

The monomer and polymer for lipids.

Monomer: Glycerol/Fatty acids

Polymers: Diglycerides

The monomer and polymer for proteins.

Monomer: amino acids

Polymer: polypeptides

The monomer and polymer for nucleic acids.

Monomer: nucleotide

Polymer: DNA/RNA

What are the two types of reactions that join monomers or break down polymers?

Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis

What are some of the different structures and functions of proteins?

Protein can provide structure and support for cells. They can also bind and carry atoms throughout the body.

How are the 20 amino acids different from one another?

Amino acids are different due to their side chains, which is called the R groups.

Why is the three dimensional structure of a protein important

They act as enzymes and building blocks for cells.

Which forms of protein are functional?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Name three different kinds of lipids?

Triacylglycerols, Phospholipids, and Sterols.

How do triglycerides form or break apart, do they use hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis?

Triglycerides form by dehydration synthesis.

What makes fatty acids saturated or unsaturated?

Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

What are trans fats?

The type of fat produced when manufacturers add hydrogen to the fat molecules in vegetable oils.

What are phospholipids?

Two fatty acids joined together

Properties of phospholipids in a membrane and water.

Forms a two-layer structure called the lipid bilayer.

What is the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells

How do the ideas in the cell theory support the claim that all organisms are made of cells?

Cells arise from other cells through cellular division.

What are the three different types of microscopes?

Optical microscopes, Electron microscopes, Scanning probe microscopes

How are Optical, Electron, and Scanning probe microscopes different from each other?

A scanning probe feels the surface of the sample. The Optical and Electron looks into the lightwaves of the sample.

How does a bacterial cell compare to the eukaryotic cell in size and contents?

Bacterial cells are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells.

What are the common features that are shared by all cells?

1. Plasma membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. DNA 5. Ribosomes

Why are cells so small?

surface area to volume ratio

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes are always unicellular, but eukaryotes are multi-celled organisms.

List three structures plant cells have that are not found in animal cells.

Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Large central Vacuole

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

50% lipids and 50% protein, carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins about 5-10%

What are the features of phospholipids and how do they form a membrane?

They're able to form a membrane because the phosphate group head is hydrophilic while the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.

What does it mean for a phospholipid to be amphipathic?

This means that they have a hydrophilic, polar phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Why is the cell membrane considered to be a fluid mosaic?

Because the cell membrane is made of different parts working together.

What are the roles of various proteins that span the cell membrane?

Protein helps cells communicate, maintain their shapes, carry out changes triggered by chemicals, and transport shared material.

What are the roles of various carbohydrates that span the cell membrane?

Helps cells recognize other cells and protects the cell

What are the roles of various lipids that span the cell membrane?

Lipids provide membranes with the potential for budding, tubulation, fission, and fusion

Explain the theory of endosymbiosis.

large and small prokaryotes formed a symbiotic relationship

Function of cytoplasm

Protects and supports the cell. It is in both the animal and plant cells.

function of cytoskeleton

Helps cell maintain shape and helps the cell move. It is in both the animal and plant cells.

Function of cell/plasma membrane

controls what goes in and out of the cell. It is in both the animal and plant cells.

function of ribosomes

make proteins. It is in both the animal and plant cells.

function of nucleoid

Contains DNA. Is in only animal cells.

Function of plasmids

Carries genes for replicating DNA, transfers itself from one host cell to another. Only in plant cells.

Function of cell wall

Strengthens and protects the cell. Only in plant cells.

function of nuclear envelope

control substance in and out of nucleus. It is in both animal and plant cells.

The function of the nucleolus

Makes ribosomes. It is in both animal and plant cells.

function of smooth ER

Makes lipids. It is in both animal and plant cells.