english 9 4th qt

argumentation

• the process of presenting a claim and supportive it with evidence and reasoning to persuade and evidence can be used in both oral and written forms to persuade an audience

• it used in essays, debates, speeches

claim

the main point or position you are arguing for

evidence

facts, examples, or expert opinions that support the claim

reasoning

explanation of how the evidence support the claim

counterclaim

an opposing viewpoint

rebuttal

a response to the counterclaim that defends the original argument

classical argumentation

• developed by aristotle, a greek philosopher

• used in academic essays, debates, and persuasive speeches

• appeal to logos, ethos, and pathos

rogerian argumentation

• understanding different viewpoints and finding common ground

• developed by carl roger, a psychologists

• used in negotiations, conflict resolution, and social debates

• example usage: peace talks, counseling and mediation, opinion editorials

toulmin argumentation

• developed by stephen toulmin, british philosopher

• focuses on breaking down arguments into logical components (claim, evidence, warrant, rebuttal)

• common in scientific writing, legal cases, and criticalanalysis.

persuasive argumentation

• influenced by classical rhetoric, focuses more on emotional and ethical appeals

• used in advertising, speeches, amd social campaigns

• relies on storytelling, rhetorical questions and personal connection

rethorical appeals argumentation

• to make our argument stronger

• the process of convincing others to accept a particular point of view

ethos

• comes from the greek word for “character”

• focuses on the credibility of the speaker of writer

• if an audience trusts the speaker, they are more likely to believe their argument

• experience, credibility, trust

pathos

• appeals to the audience’s emotions, values and beliefs

• persuades by making people feel happiness, sadness, anger, fear or inspiration

• emotions

logos

• use of logics, facts, statistics, and reasoning to persuade an audience, a well reasoned argument is clear, organized, and backed by evidence

• percentages, research

diasopora

comes from greek word diaspeirein meaning “to scatter or spread out” originally referred to the dispersion of jews from yheir homeland

diaspora literature

refers to literary works written by authors who belonged to displaced, immigrant, or refugee comm