ARTH 1440 Exam 1 Geymount

- Human with feline (lion?) head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany, ca. 40,000-35,000 BCE. Woolly mammoth ivory, 11¾" high. Ulmer Museum, Ulm

Name, Artists, Origin, Date, Materials, and Size?

Nude woman (Venus of Willendorf), from Willendorf, Austria, ca. 28,000-25,000 BCE. Limestone, approx. 4 1/4" high. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna

Name, Artists, Origin, Date, Materials, and Size?

- Great Hall of the Bulls, cave, Lascaux, France, ca.16,000-14,000 BCE. Rock painting

Rhinoceros, wounded man, and disemboweled bison, painting in the well of the cave at Lascaux, France, ca. 16,000-14,000 BCE. Bison 3'4½" long

Cult Site, Göbekli Tepe, Turkey (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A - PPNA), 10.000-9000 BCE

Stone tower built into the settlement wall, Jericho, ca. 8000-7000 BCE

Human skull with restored features, from Jericho, ca. 7200-6700 BCE. Features modeled in plaster, painted, and inlaid with seashells. Life-size. Archaeological Museum, Amman

- Neolithic Settlement, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 6000-5900 BCE

Deer hunt, detail of a wall painting from Level III, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 5750 BCE. Museum of Anatolian Civilization, Ankara

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, ca. 2550-1600 BCE. Circle 97' in diameter; trilithons 24' high

(Old Stone Age) Art - ca. 40,000-9000 BCE /represent the world around them/ • The works created range in size from tiny portable figurines, such as the so-called Venus of Willendorf, to large, sometimes over-life-size, carved and painted representations of animals, as in the caves. / Paleolithic artists regularly depicted animals in profile

Paleolithic

(New Stone Age) Art - ca. 8000-2300 BCE / e revolutionized human life with the beginning of agriculture and the formation of the first settled communities / brought the birth of large-scale sculpture / coherent narratives became common, and artists began to represent human figures as composites of frontal and profile views

Neolithic

The simplest and oldest method of spanning a passageway is to set up two upright blocks (posts), which support a horizontal beam (lintel), a technique used in both prehistoric Europe and Egypt

post and lintel

White Temple and Ziggurat. Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq. ca. 3500-3000 BCE. Mud brick

Warka Vase, from the Inanna temple complex, Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE. Alabaster, 3' 1/4" high. National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad

- Standard of Ur, from tomb 779, Royal Cemetery, Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar), Iraq, ca. 2600- 2400 BCE. Wood, lapis lazuli, shell, and red limestone, 8"x 1'7". British Museum, London

- Cuneiform tablet with numbers of goats and sheep; clay; ca. 2350 BCE. From Lagash-Telloh; Paris, Louvre

- Head of an Akkadian ruler, from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik), Iraq, ca. 2250-2200 BCE. Copper, 1' 2 3/8" high. National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad

Ziggurat, Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar), Iraq, ca. 2100 BCE. 190' x 130' (base 50' high)

- Gudea seated, holding the plan of a temple, from Girsu (modern Telloh), Iraq, ca. 2100 BCE. Diorite, 2'5" high. Musée du Louvre, Paris

- Stele with Code of Hammurabi, set up at Babylon, Iraq, found at Susa, Iran, ca. 1780 BCE. Basalt, 7' 4" high. Musée du Louvre, Paris

Lamassu (man-headed winged bull), from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad), Iraq, ca. 721-705 BCE. Limestone, 13' 10" high. Musée du Louvre, Paris

Ashurbanipal hunting lions, relief from the north palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik), Iraq, ca. 645-640 BCE. Gypsum, 5' 4" high. British Museum, London

Ishtar Gate (restored), Babylon, Iraq, ca. 575 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin

Persepolis, Iran, ca. 521-465 BCE

Ancient Mesopotamia occupied the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (modern Iraq).

Tigris and Euphrates,

Ancient Mesopotamia occupied the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (modern Iraq). Some of the earliest urban centers can be found in ancient Mesopotamia, c. 3500 - 400 B.C.E.

Mesopotamia

Ancient Near Eastern Art has long been part of the history of Western art, but history didn't have to be written this way. It is largely because of the West's interests in the Biblical "Holy Land" that ancient Near Eastern culture has been regarded as part of the Western canon of the history of art.

Ancient Near East

• The Sumerians founded the world's first city-states in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Invented writing in the fourth millennium BCE. • They were also the first to build communal religious shrines on towering platforms, such as Uruk's mud-brick White Temple, and to place figures in registers to tell coherent stories.

Sumer

Uruk, today known as Warka, was a city in the ancient Near East situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates River on the dried-up ancient channel of the Euphrates

Uruk

• The Sumerians founded the world's first city-states in the valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Invented writing in the fourth millennium BCE. • They were also the first to build communal religious shrines on towering platforms, such as Uruk's mud-brick White Temple, and to place figures in registers to tell coherent stories. • During the Third Dynasty of Ur, the Sumerians rose again to power and constructed one of Mesopotamia's largest tiered temple platforms, or ziggurats, at UrThe Sumerians were probably the first to use pictures to tell coherent stories

Sumerians

The Akkadians were the first Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves kings of the world and to assume divine attributes. • Akkadian artists may have been the first to cast hollow life-size metal sculptures and to place figures at different levels in a landscape setting.

Akkadian

Babylon's greatest king, Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 BCE), formulated wideranging laws for the empire he ruled. Babylonian artists were among the first to experiment with foreshortening.

Babylonian

At the height of their power, the Assyrians ruled an empire that extended from the Persian Gulf to the Nile and Asia Minor. • Assyrian palaces were fortified citadels with gates guarded by monstrous lamassu. Paintings and reliefs depicting official ceremonies and the king battling enemies and hunting lions decorated the walls of the ceremonial halls.

Assyrian

The capital of the Achaemenid Persians was at Persepolis, where Darius I (r. 522-486 BCE) and Xerxes (r. 486-465 BCE) built a huge palace complex with an audience hall that could accommodate 10,000 guests. Painted reliefs of subject nations bringing tribute adorned the terraces.

Achaemenid/Persian

The Sumerians founded the world's first city-states IE. an independent, self-governing country contained totally within the borders of a single city

city-state

denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.

cuneiform

: A high, pyramidal, staged tower found in temple complexes in ancient Mesopotamia and Assyria (where the stages were developed into one continuously inclined ramp round the four sides of the tower). The term is also often applied generally to stepped, pyramidal shapes in classical architecture.

ziggurat

a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city.

citadel

a celestial being from ancient Mesopotamian religion bearing a human head, symbolising intelligence, a bull's body, symbolizing strength; and wings an eagle to symbolize freedom.

Lamassu

a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

Hierarchy

Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis, ca. 3000-2920 BCE. Slate, 2' 1" high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo

- Imhotep, Stepped Pyramid and Mortuary Precinct of Djoser, Saqqara, Third Dynasty, ca. 2630- 2611 BCE. Approx. 200' high; base 413' x 344'

(Great) Fourth Dynasty Pyramids, Gizeh, Egypt. Pyramids of Khufu, ca. 2551-2528 BCE; Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE; and Menkaure, ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Cut limestone

Great Sphinx, Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2520-2494 BCE. Sandstone, 65' x 240'

Khafre, from Gizeh, Egypt, Dynasty IV, ca. 2520-2494 BCE. Diorite (or anorthosite gneiss), approx. 5' 6" high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo

Menkaure and Queen (Khamerernebty?), from Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke, 4' 6 1/2" high. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Stele of Irtysen, limestone, cm 117 x 56, ca. 2033-1982 BCE. Paris, Louvre

Temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt, major construction, 15th-13th centuries BCE

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1473-1458 BCE. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite

Hatshepsut with offering jars, from the upper court of her mortuary temple, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1473-1458 BCE. Red granite, 8' 6" high. Metropolitan MA, New York

Akhenaton, colossal statue from the temple of Aton, Karnak, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353- 1335 BCE. Sandstone, 13' high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo

- Portrait of Tiye, from Ghurab, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353-1335 BCE. Yew wood, gold, silver, alabaster, faience, and lapis lazuli, 8 7/8" high. Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin

Thutmose, Nefertiti, from Tell el-Amarna, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353-1335 BCE. Painted limestone, approx. 1' 8" high. Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin

Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters, from Amarna, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353-1335 BCE. Limestone, 1' 1/4" high. Ägyptisches Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin

- Innermost coffin of Tutankhamen, from his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1323 BCE. Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones, 6' 1" long. Egyptian Museum, Cairo

Death Mask of Tutankhamen, from the innermost coffin in his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1323 BCE. Gold with inlay of semiprecious stones, 1' 9 1/4" high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo

- Rosetta stone, dated 196 BC (originally 6' high)

the belief in multiple deities, which are usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own religious sects and rituals.

polytheism,

is the belief that there is only one deity, an all-supreme being that is universally referred to as God.

monotheism

is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest river in the world,

Nile

Narmer was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period

Narmer

carved of a single piece of siltstone, commonly used for ceremonial tablets in the First Dynastic Period of Egypt. The fact that the palette is carved on both sides means that it was created for ceremonial instead of practical purposes.

palette

relating to a period before the normally recognized dynasties, especially in ancient Egypt before about 3000 BC.

Predynastic

is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site containing the remains of what was the capital city of the late Eighteenth Dynasty.

Amarna

The First Intermediate Period of Egypt (2181-2040 BCE) is the era which followed the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE) and preceded the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) periods of Egyptian history.

Intermediate Periods

an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, in the first half of the Old Kingdom period.

Khufu

ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom

Khafre

pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom, who is well known under his Hellenized names Mykerinos and Menkheres. According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidence, he was almost certainly the successor of Khafre.

Menkaure

a god in the form of a falcon whose right eye was the sun or morning star, representing power and quintessence, and whose left eye was the moon or evening star, representing healing

Horus

Egyptian Lord of the Underworld and Judge of the Dead, brother-husband to Isis, and one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt. The name `Osiris' is the Latinized form of the Egyptian Usir which is interpreted as 'powerful' or 'mighty'.

Osiris

a principal aspect of the soul of a human being or of a god

Ka

the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with some 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood.

hieroglyphs

a material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy stem of a water plant, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats.

papyrus

Figurine of a woman, from Syros (Cyclades), Greece, ca. 2500-2300 BCE. Marble, 1' 6" high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Male lyre player, from Keros (Cyclades), Greece, ca. 2600-2300 BCE. Marble, 9" high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

- Landscape with swallows (Spring Fresco), from Room Delta 2, Akrotiri, Thera (Cyclades), Greece, ca. 1650-1625 BCE. Fresco, 7' 6" high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Wall painting depicting Boxing Boys and Antelopes, from Room Beta 1 of a shrine complex, Akrotiri, Thera (Cyclades), Greece, ca. 1650-1625 BCE. Fresco. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

- Palace at Knossos (Crete), Greece, ca. 1700-1370 BCE. Legendary home of King Minos

- Snake Goddess, from the palace at Knossos (Crete), Greece, ca. 1600 BCE. Faience, 1' 1 1/2" high. Archaeological Museum, Irakleion

- Harvester Vase, from Hagia Triada (Crete), Greece, ca. 1500 BCE. Steatite, originally with gold leaf, greatest diameter 5". Archaeological Museum, Heraklion

Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1300-1250 BCE. Limestone, relief panel, 9' 6" high

- Funerary Mask, from Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1600-1500 BCE. Beaten gold, 1' high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Tholos of the Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1300-1250 BCE

Elevations of the Doric and Ionic orders. The major differences between the Doric and Ionic orders are the form of the capitals and the treatment of the frieze. The Doric frieze is subdivided into triglyphs and metopes

Temple of Hera I ("Basilica"), Paestum, Italy, ca. 550 BCE

Peplos Kore, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, approx. 4' high. Acropolis Museum, Athens

Kroisos, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, approx. 6' 4" high. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500-490 BCE

West pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500-490 BCE. Marble, approx. 5' 8" high at center. Glyptothek, Munich

- Dying warrior, from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500-490 BCE. Marble, approx. 5' 2 1/2" long. Glyptothek, Munich

Dying warrior, from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 490- 480 BCE. Marble, approx. 6' 1" long. Glyptothek, Munich

Kritios Boy, from the Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, approx. 2' 10" high. Acropolis Museum, Athens. Contrapposto Position

- Charioteer, from a group dedicated by Polyzalos of Gela in the Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi, Greece, ca. 470 BCE. Bronze, approx. 5' 11" high. Archaeological Museum, Delphi

Temple of Hera II, Paestum, Italy, ca. 460 BCE

Riace Warriors (Statue A and B), from the sea off Riace, Italy, ca. 460-450 BCE. Bronze, 6'6" high. Musco Archeologico Nazionale, Reggio Calabria

- Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Roman marble copy from Pompeii, Italy, after a bronze original of ca. 450-440 BCE, 6' 11" high. Museo Nazionale, Naples

Myron, Diskobolos (Discus Thrower). Roman marble copy after a bronze original of ca. 450 BCE, 5' 1" high. Museo Nazionale Romano—Palazzo Massimo alle Terme

- Athenian Acropolis, ca. 450-400 BCE

Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon - Temple of Athena Parthenos; Acropolis, Athens, Greece, 447-438 BCE. The architects of the Parthenon believed that perfect beauty could be achieved by using harmonic proportions. The controlling ratio for larger and smaller parts was x = 2y +1 (for example, a plan of 8 x 17 columns)