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What is a Greek invention that is exploring the basic nature is reality using reason

Philosophy

When did the first theoretical philosophers emerge

6th century BC in Ionia 

What is AKA Asia Minor 

Ionia 

Who sought physical, rather

than mythic-religious, explanations for natural occurrences

Ionians (NO RELIGION NO MYTH) 

Who Believed nature contained a

hidden, intelligible structure

Ionians

What has order, and is built or composed with intelligence and reason, therefore man can know and understand nature and reality

Nature

What are 2 things are natural philosophy

Physics and science

What was OG called natural science

Philosophy

What gives birth to science no myths no gods no superstition or magic. Therefore they can investigate nature with no fear.

Philosophy

What is based on order, intelligence reason nature and curiosity

Natural science/ philosophy

In Greece the law of polis leads to what

Looking for law in nature

What comes after nature and then After that and so forth 

Nature to philosophy to science to natural science 

What is a world with beauty, order, reason and intelligence 

Cosmos

What are Ionian philosophers because of interest in principles of the universe;

they held one single, eternal substance gave rise

to all phenomena

Cosmologists (study the cosmos )

WHO IS THE FIRST IONIAN PHILOSOPHER

Thales of Miletus

Who is concerned with the order of nature and says that water is the basic element and Omitted gods from origins of nature

Thales of Miletus

Who Argued that ”the Boundless,” an indefinite,

undifferentiated substance, was source of all

Anaximander

What is an indefinite,

undifferentiated substance, was source of all

The boundless 

Who said that The seed of the world emerged as nucleus

from this mass and offered natural explanation of universal

origins

Aniximander

Who made transition

from myth to reason, maintained that air

underlay reality and was reason for

orderliness of nature

Anaximenes NOT ANIXAMANDE

Ionians called matter philosophers

because of…

belief that everything came

from a particular material substance

Who focused on mathematical

relationships

Pythagorean 

Who did math and the Pythagorean theorem. Quick for music he said that basic ratios or numbers among the notes of music. He thought numbers were the basis of the cosmos such as mathematics order design in the cosmos and nature and numbers are the basis of music and they are invisible concepts non-material non-physical and the basis of the universe. This is the first time this is thought of 

Pythagoreas

Who founded formal logic, rejected

senses as route to understand cosmos

Parmenides

held that all matter made of

combinations of atoms

Democritus

What did Greek philosophers give to nature

A rational foundation

Who argued that disease had natural cause. He was a MD and used science to develop medicine 

Physician Hippocrates

Who is the father of medicine

Physician Hippocrates

Who are frauds and cons who have power money and fame

Sophists

What is comming from a false reason in appearance But not in reality AKA fake news

Pseudo rational

Who were/did: Professional teachers, traveled from city to city

 Argued that speculation about first principles impossible

 Individuals should apply reason to citizenship and

statesmanship

Sophists

What was shaped by sophists

Western humanist tradition

What year did sophists end

1960 

When did sophists live 

480 bc-300 bc

What says that truth and morality are not absolute, unchanging, always valid and changing with times, people, religion, cultures etc…

Relativism

What did sophists claim 

That no one was a slave to nature and all people were alike

What had no universal standpoint

Philosophical relativism

Who challenged tradition and religion

Sophists

Who argued that speculation about the divine was useless, and law was human invention. And believed that man can’t know god or the divine 

Radicals

What invented control population

Law and religion

Who Lived at peak of Athenian culture, democracy

Like Sophists, sought to improve individual through

education, but attacked their relativism

 Argued that people should regulate behavior by universal

values  Said Sophists did not answer questions that mattered  Claimed Sophists attacked old system without offering

suitable replacement

Socrates 

For Socrates what was the central concern

 was perfection of human character,

achievement of moral excellence

What method did Socrates use

Inquiry

What called

“dialectics,” or logical discussion

And was a discussion with reason to find truth

Inquiry

Who Compels critical examination

Affirmed learning as a creative act

Useful in relations between humans

Socrates

Which philosopher was put to death

Socrates

Why was Socrates put to death

1) atheist

2) corrupt the youth by teaching them to think and question 

Who taught  Plato 

Socrates 

Who taught Aristotle

Plato

Who taught Alexander the Great

Aristotle

Who started ACADEMY

Plato 

Who started LYCEUM

Aristotle NOT A PHILOSOPHER

Where is Socrates from 

Athens 

Who is the first complete philosopher in history

Plato

Who used Socratic ideas

to create comprehensive

philosophical system

Plato

How did Plato want to arrange political life

By rational rules

What 2 concerns did Plato have

Ideas and just state

What are AKA forms and are souls in the outer world

Ideas 

What is the Existence of higher world of reality,

independent of existence

Theory of ideas

Where does truth reside

In the world f forms NOT IF SENSES

what provide only imperfect, transitory

reflections

Sense

What did Plato argue in contrast to sophists

eternal standards do exist

In the allegory of the cave what do the men in chains represent

Mast men who are not free and are not given the truth- only shadows and Nobel lies 

What do the shadows represent

The material world NOT THE REALLY REAL

What is based on reason and morality

The just state

_____ applied rational philosophy to politics,

created comprehensive political theory and rational model of state

Plato

Who Wanted community to operate on rational principles

 Said humans can only live ethically as citizens of just,

rational state  His politics were shaped by disillusionment with

Athens

Plato

Who wrote the republic which described the real state

Plato

State is the…

Soul

How many groups of people did Plato divide

3

What 3 groups are they

Philosophy, courage, desire.

Who said That women are =to men

Plato

Plato’s _________ rested on primacy of

intellect, social harmony, people doing

what they did best

Just state

Most freedoms denied to masses; people to be

told “_____ lies” to keep them obedient

Nobel 

Who did people think is the greatest philosopher of antiquity 

Aristotle

Who had/ did:  Incredible range of knowledge

Studied at Plato’s Academy for twenty years

Tutored Alexander the Great

Founded school, the Lyceum

Achieved creative synthesis of earlier thinkers’

knowledge and theories Systematized Pre-Socratic, Socratic, Platonic

thought Shared interest in physical universe, reason, the

polis as civilized unit

Aristotle

Who said that morality is based on reason

Aristotle

What did Aristotle say that the best life is

1) a philosopher

2) have contemplation/ be in  deep thought 

What Is the golden mean

Moderation/ the best point in the middle between 2 extremes

Who renewed confidence in sense perception

 Retained Plato’s principles but based them in material

world  Said one should not escape to another world to

comprehend reality  Said Plato’s philosophy had too much mysticism,

undervalued world of facts, objects, perception

Aristotle

To Aristotle, ______ existed in things themselves,

not higher world outside phenomena

Forms

What did Aristotle say about pilotics/ feel abt it

Polis is the best kind of country

Political community is necessary for good life 

Women less than men 

Like Socrates and Plato, Aristotle

believed in _______ based on reason (Nicomachean Ethics)

Ethics 

The “__________” was the examined

life of moderation and reason

Good life 

What was key to aristotles ethics

Nothing in excess

Aristotle did not set impossible standards for

behavior but argued that individuals could have

good lives by application of reason to human

affairs

K 😑

What does the good life require

being part of a political

community, the polis

Attitude toward the polis is typically…

Greek

Aristotle argued for exclusion of _____ from

political life, since they are  inferior in all ways to

men; female to be silent and obedient

Women 

What is based on reason order beauty is ideal and secular ordinary life and the human body and nature 

Art

Who was a women poet who is the only women from antiquity who has writings that still exist 

Sappho

What is the highest and most profound kind of Greek literature

Tragedy

Who wrote also of friendship and love

Sappho

Who wrote that man must

demonstrate worth by striving for excellence

Pindar 

What is high point of Greek poetry

Drama 

Who brought inner life into focus

Dramatists

Who talks about divine order and divine justice and hubris

Aeschylus

What is against divine order and justice

Hubris 

Who is younger than Aeschylus

Sophocles 

Who paints personality to individual characters and the themes are conscience of person VS state against government. It shows this in Antigone, Oedipus Rex

Sophocles